Editing Radiology (section)

=== United States ===

Radiology is a field in medicine that has expanded rapidly after 2000 due to advances in computer technology, which is closely linked to modern imaging techniques. Applying for residency positions in radiology has become highly competitive. Applicants are often near the top of their medical school classes, with high [[United States Medical Licensing Examination|USMLE]] (board) examination scores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aamc.org/download/94976/data/raddiag09.pdf.pdf|title=USMLE Scores and Residency Applicant Data, 2009: Diagnostic Radiology}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Diagnostic radiologists must complete prerequisite undergraduate education, four years of medical school to earn a medical degree ([[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|D.O.]] or [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]]), one year of internship, and four years of residency training.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cmescience.com/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-radiologist/|title=A Day in the Life of a Radiologist|date=2017-12-28|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414083712/http://cmescience.com/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-radiologist/|url-status=live}}</ref> After residency, most radiologists pursue one or two years of additional specialty fellowship training.

The [[American Board of Radiology]] (ABR) administers professional certification in Diagnostic Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics as well as subspecialty certification in neuroradiology, nuclear radiology, pediatric radiology and vascular and interventional radiology. "Board Certification" in diagnostic radiology requires successful completion of two examinations. The Core Exam is given after 36 months of residency. Although previously taken  in Chicago or Tucson, Arizona, beginning in February 2021, the computer test transitioned permanently to a remote format. It encompasses 18 categories. A passing score is 350 or above. A fail on one to five categories was previously a Conditioned exam, however beginning in June 2021, the conditioned category will no longer exist and the test will be graded as a whole. The Certification Exam, can be taken 15 months after completion of the Radiology residency. This computer-based examination consists of five modules and graded pass-fail. It is given twice a year in Chicago and Tucson. Recertification examinations are taken every 10 years, with additional required continuing medical education as outlined in the Maintenance of Certification document.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Certification may also be obtained from the [[American Osteopathic Board of Radiology]] (AOBR) and the American Board of Physician Specialties.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Following completion of residency training, radiologists may either begin practicing as a general diagnostic radiologist or enter into subspecialty training programs known as fellowships. Examples of subspeciality training in radiology include abdominal imaging, thoracic imaging, cross-sectional/ultrasound, [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], [[Human musculoskeletal system|musculoskeletal]] imaging, [[interventional radiology]], [[neuroradiology]], [[interventional neuroradiology]], [[paediatric radiology]], nuclear medicine, emergency radiology, breast imaging and women's imaging. Fellowship training programs in radiology are usually one or two years in length.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/radiology/educ-opps/fellowships.cfm |title=Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging — School of Medicine at the University of Virginia |publisher=Healthsystem.virginia.edu |date=2012-02-17 |access-date=2012-08-03 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616055854/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/radiology/educ-opps/fellowships.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some medical schools in the US have started to incorporate a basic radiology introduction into their core MD training. [[New York Medical College]], the [[Wayne State University School of Medicine]], [[Weill Cornell Medicine]], the Uniformed Services University, and the University of South Carolina School of Medicine offer an introduction to radiology during their respective MD programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nymc.edu/Academics/SchoolOfMedicine/UndergraduateMedicalEducation/FourthYearCurriculum/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100528084709/http://www.nymc.edu/Academics/SchoolOfMedicine/UndergraduateMedicalEducation/FourthYearCurriculum/index.html |archive-date=2010-05-28 |publisher=New York Medical College |title=School of Medicine }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.springerimages.com/Images/MedicineAndPublicHealth/1-10.1007_s13089-011-0052-9-0 |title=Integrated ultrasound curriculum (iUSC) |publisher=SpringerImages |date=2011-03-25 |access-date=2012-08-03 |archive-date=2012-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313192541/http://www.springerimages.com/Images/MedicineAndPublicHealth/1-10.1007_s13089-011-0052-9-0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jultrasoundmed.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/5/745 |title=A Pilot Study of Comprehensive Ultrasound Education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine |publisher=Jultrasoundmed.org |date=2008-05-01 |access-date=2012-08-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713124805/http://www.jultrasoundmed.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/5/745 |archive-date=2010-07-13 }}</ref> [[Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine]] also integrates imaging material into their curriculum early in the first year.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Radiographic exams are usually performed by [[radiographer]]s. Qualifications for radiographers vary by country, but many radiographers now are required to hold a degree.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Veterinary radiologists are veterinarians who specialize in the use of X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging or treatment of disease in animals. They are certified in either diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology by the American College of Veterinary Radiology.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}