Editing Race and intelligence (section)

===Test bias===
A number of studies have reached the conclusion that IQ tests may be biased against certain groups.<ref>{{harvnb|Cronshaw et al.|2006|p=278}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Verney et al.|2005}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Borsboom|2006}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Shuttleworth-Edwards et al.|2004}}</ref> The validity and reliability of IQ scores obtained from outside the United States and Europe have been questioned, in part because of the inherent difficulty of comparing IQ scores between cultures.<ref name="Richardson 2004">{{harvnb|Richardson|2004}}</ref><ref name="Hunt & Wittmann 2008">{{harvnb|Hunt|Wittmann|2008}}</ref> Several researchers have argued that cultural differences limit the appropriateness of standard IQ tests in non-industrialized communities.<ref>{{harvnb|Irvine|1983}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Irvine|Berry|1988}} a collection of articles by several authors discussing the limits of assessment by intelligence tests in different communities in the world. In particular, {{harvp|Reuning|1988}} describes the difficulties in devising and administering tests for Kalahari bushmen.</ref>

A 1996 report by the [[American Psychological Association]] states that intelligence can be difficult to compare across cultures, and notes that differing familiarity with test materials can produce substantial differences in test results; it also says that tests are accurate predictors of future achievement for black and white Americans, and are in that sense unbiased.{{sfn|Neisser|Boodoo|Bouchard|Boykin|1996}} The view that tests accurately predict future educational attainment is reinforced by [[Nicholas Mackintosh]] in his 1998 book ''IQ and Human Intelligence'',<ref>{{harvnb|Mackintosh|1998|p=174}}: "Despite widespread belief to the contrary, however, there is ample evidence, both in Britain and the USA, that IQ tests predict educational attainment just about as well in ethnic minorities as in the white majority."</ref> and by a 1999 literature review by {{harvp|Brown|Reynolds|Whitaker|1999}}.

James R. Flynn, surveying studies on the topic, notes that the weight and presence of many test questions depends on what sorts of information and modes of thinking are culturally valued.<ref name="FlynnIntelligence">{{cite journal |journal=Intelligence |issue=70 |pages=73–83 |year=2018 |url=https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/1-s2.0-S0160289618300904-main.pdf |title=Reflections about intelligence over 40 years |access-date=2019-02-02 |archive-date=2019-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030438/https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/1-s2.0-S0160289618300904-main.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>