Editing Quinoa (section)

==Production==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:13em; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Quinoa production – 2023
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:75%;" | {{small|Country}}
! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;" | {{small|Tonnes}}
|-
| {{PER}} || 70,479
|-
| {{BOL}} || 41,380
|-
| {{ECU}} || 378
|-
| '''World''' || '''112,251'''
|-
| colspan="2" |{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title=Quinoa production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists) |date=2025 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref>}}
|}

In 2023, world production of quinoa was 112,251 [[tonne]]s, led by Peru with 62% of the total and Bolivia with 37% (table).

===Price===
Since the early 21st century when quinoa became more commonly consumed in North America, Europe, and [[Australasia]] where it was not typically grown, the crop value increased.<ref name="Collyns">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/14/quinoa-andes-bolivia-peru-crop |title=Quinoa brings riches to the Andes |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=17 Jan 2013 |location=London |first=Dan |last=Collyns |date=14 January 2013}}</ref> Between 2006 and 2013, quinoa crop prices tripled.<ref name="amrc" /><ref name="The Guardian" /> In 2011, the average price was US$3,115 per tonne with some varieties selling as high as $8,000 per tonne.<ref name="Collyns" /> This compares with [[wheat]] prices of about US$340 per tonne, making wheat about 10% of the value of quinoa. The resulting effect on traditional production regions in Peru and Bolivia also influenced new commercial quinoa production elsewhere in the world, such as the United States.<ref name="Ernest Small 2013" />{{rp|176}}<ref>{{cite web |author1=Alastair Bland |title=Quinoa Craze Inspires North America To Start Growing Its Own |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/11/29/166155875/quinoa-craze-inspires-north-america-to-start-growing-its-own |publisher=NPR |access-date=28 July 2018 |date=29 November 2012}}</ref> By 2013, quinoa was being cultivated in some 70 countries.<ref name="FAO2013" /> As a result of expanding production outside the Andean highlands native for quinoa, the price plummeted starting in early 2015 and remained low for years.<ref name="nacla">{{Cite web |title=The Quinoa Boom Goes Bust in the Andes |author=Emma McDonell |work=NACLA |url=https://nacla.org/news/2018/03/12/quinoa-boom-goes-bust-andes |access-date=2021-01-14 |publisher=North American Congress on Latin America |date=12 March 2018}}</ref> From 2018 to 2019, quinoa production in Peru declined by 22%.<ref name="faostat" /> Some refer to this as the "quinoa bust" because of the devastation the price fall caused for farmers and industry.<ref name="nacla" />

===Effects of rising demand on growers===
[[File:Peru Chenopodium quinoa.jpg|thumb|[[Farmer field school]] on crop husbandry and quinoa production, near [[Puno]], Peru]]

Rising quinoa prices over the period of 2006 to 2017 may have reduced the affordability of quinoa to traditional consumers.<ref name="The Guardian" /><ref name="complicated">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2013/01/quinoa-good-evil-or-just-really-complicated |title=Quinoa: Good, Evil, or Just Really Complicated? |author=Tom Philpott |magazine=Mother Jones |access-date=2013-11-24}}</ref><ref name="Ernest Small 2013" />{{rp|176–77}} However, a 2016 study using Peru's Encuesta Nacional de Hogares found that rising quinoa prices during 2004–2013 led to net economic benefits for producers,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bellemare |first1=Marc F. |last2=Fajardo-Gonzalez |first2=Johanna |last3=Gitter |first3=Seth R. |date=2018-12-01 |title=Foods and fads: The welfare impacts of rising quinoa prices in Peru |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18302419 |journal=World Development |volume=112 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.012 |s2cid=155556494 |issn=0305-750X}}</ref> and other commentary indicated similar conclusions,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202737139/is-our-love-of-quinoa-hurting-or-helping-farmers-who-grow-it |title=Your Love Of Quinoa Is Good News For Andean Farmers |author=Allison Aubrey |date=2013-06-07 |work=NPR |access-date=2013-08-01}}
</ref> including for women specifically.<ref name="Alexander Kasterine-2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jul/17/quinoa-threat-food-security-improving-peruvian-farmers-lives-superfood |title=Quinoa isn't a threat to food security. It's improving Peruvian farmers' lives |newspaper=The Guardian |author=Alexander Kasterine |date=17 July 2016 |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> It has also been suggested that as quinoa producers rise above [[Subsistence|subsistence-level income]], they switch their own consumption to [[Processed foods|Western processed foods]] which are often less healthy than a traditional, quinoa-based diet, whether because quinoa is held to be worth too much to keep for oneself and one's family, or because processed foods have higher status despite their poorer [[nutritional value]].<ref name="The Guardian" /><ref name="complicated" /><ref name="Ernest Small 2013" />{{rp|176–77}} Efforts are being made in some areas to distribute quinoa more widely and ensure that farming and poorer populations have access to it and have an understanding of its nutritional importance, including use in free [[School Breakfast Program|school breakfasts]] and [[government provision]]s distributed to pregnant and nursing women in need.<ref name="complicated" />

In terms of wider social consequences, research on traditional producers in Bolivia has emphasised a complex picture. The degree to which individual producers benefit from the global quinoa boom depends on its [[mode of production]], for example through producer associations and co-operatives such as the Asociación Nacional de Productores de Quinua (founded in the 1970s), contracting through vertically integrated private firms, or wage labor.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Ofstehage |title=The construction of an alternative quinoa economy: balancing solidarity, household needs, and profit in San Agustín, Bolivia |journal=Agriculture and Human Values |date=2012 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=441–454 |doi=10.1007/s10460-012-9371-0 |s2cid=154918412 |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:efbd39e1-0203-4c99-9ef0-7a1c900fd92d}}</ref> State regulation and enforcement may promote a shift to [[Cash crop|cash-cropping]] among some farmers and a shift toward [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence production]] among others, while enabling many [[urban refugees]] to return to [[working the land]], outcomes with complex and varied social effects.<ref name="kerss">{{Cite journal |last=Kerssen |first=Tanya M. |date=2015-03-04 |title=Food sovereignty and the quinoa boom: challenges to sustainable re-peasantisation in the southern Altiplano of Bolivia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2015.1002992 |journal=Third World Quarterly |language=en |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=489–507 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2015.1002992 |issn=0143-6597}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/14/quinoa-andes-bolivia-peru-crop |title=Quinoa brings riches to the Andes |author=Dan Collyns |date=14 January 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=5 September 2013}}</ref>

The growth of quinoa consumption outside of its indigenous region has raised concerns over [[food security]] of the indigenous original consumers, unsustainably [[intensive farming]] of the crop, expansion of farming into otherwise marginal agricultural lands with concurrent loss of the natural environment, threatening both the sustainability of producer agriculture and the biodiversity of quinoa.<ref name="Ernest Small 2013">{{cite journal |first=Ernest |last=Small |date=2013 |title=Quinoa – is the United Nations' featured crop of 2013 bad for biodiversity? |journal=Biodiversity |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=169–179 |doi=10.1080/14888386.2013.835551 |bibcode=2013Biodi..14..169S |s2cid=128872124}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=S.-E. |last=Jacobsen |title=The Situation for Quinoa and Its Production in Southern Bolivia: From Economic Success to Environmental Disaster |journal=Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science |volume=197 |issue=5 |date=2011 |pages=390–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00475.x|bibcode=2011JAgCS.197..390J }}</ref><ref name="Alexander Kasterine-2016" /> Studies have found that smallholder traditional farming of quinoa, specifically in the Andean region of Peru has significantly less of an environmental impact in carbon produced, than the modern industrial quinoa production.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gamboa |first1=Cindybell |last2=Bojacá |first2=Carlos Ricardo |last3=Schrevens |first3=Eddie |last4=Maertens |first4=Miet |date=2020-08-10 |title=Sustainability of smallholder quinoa production in the Peruvian Andes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652620317042 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=264 |pages=121657 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121657 |bibcode=2020JCPro.26421657G |issn=0959-6526}}</ref>

World demand for quinoa is sometimes presented in the media particularly as being caused by rising [[veganism]],<ref name="The Guardian" /> but one academic has commented that despite the drawbacks of quinoa, meat production in most cases is still less sustainable than quinoa.<ref name="Ernest Small 2013" />{{rp|177}}

===Monoculture and climate change impacts ===
[[File:Quinoa diversity, Uyuni, Bolivia.JPG|thumb|Red quinoa field in [[Uyuni]], Bolivia]]
Because of the increasing demand for quinoa, some fields in the Andean regions of Bolivia and Peru have become quinoa monocultures.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jacobsen |first=S.-E. |date=2011 |title=The Situation for Quinoa and Its Production in Southern Bolivia: From Economic Success to Environmental Disaster |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00475.x |journal=Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science |language=en |volume=197 |issue=5 |pages=390–399 |bibcode=2011JAgCS.197..390J |doi=10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00475.x |issn=1439-037X}}</ref><ref name=EstradaEtAl2023>{{Cite journal |last1=Estrada |first1=Richard |last2=Cosme |first2=Roberto |last3=Porras |first3=Tatiana |last4=Reynoso |first4=Auristela |last5=Calderon |first5=Constatino |last6=Arbizu |first6=Carlos I. |last7=Arone |first7=Gregorio J. |date=2023-07-28 |title=Changes in Bulk and Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Diversity Communities of Native Quinoa Due to the Monocropping in the Peruvian Central Andes |journal=Microorganisms |language=en |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=1926 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms11081926 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-2607 |pmc=10458079 |pmid=37630486}}</ref> Particularly in the Uyuni salt flats, soil degradation has occurred due to mechanized production and decreased vegetation cover after clearing for quinoa fields.<ref name=":3" /> This degradation has led to poorer quinoa yields and lower environmental health in the region.<ref name=":3" />

Signs of [[desertification]] of the landscape is amplified by the effects of climate change on quinoa fields and the salt flats. Drier and hotter weather negatively affects quinoa production, while also increasing pest populations attacking quinoa<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Andy |title=Gold, oil, and avocados: a recent history of Latin America in sixteen commodities |date=2021 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-61219-935-1 |location=Brooklyn |pages=176–186 |language=English}}</ref> and reducing the nutrient quality of the soil.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Taaime |first1=Nawal |last2=Rafik |first2=Sifeddine |last3=El Mejahed |first3=Khalil |last4=Oukarroum |first4=Abdallah |last5=Choukr-Allah |first5=Redouane |last6=Bouabid |first6=Rachid |last7=El Gharous |first7=Mohamed |date=2023-07-05 |title=Worldwide development of agronomic management practices for quinoa cultivation: a systematic review |journal=Frontiers in Agronomy |language=English |volume=5 |doi=10.3389/fagro.2023.1215441 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023FrAgr...515441T |issn=2673-3218}}</ref>

Quinoa became a grain of growing interest partially due to its ability to withstand many different climate conditions. Its native Andean region is prone to dry and wet spells, and to cold and hot temperatures.<ref name=":4" /> Research shows that quinoa prefers warmer temperatures and alternating irrigation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=A. |last2=Akhtar |first2=S. S. |last3=Amjad |first3=M. |last4=Iqbal |first4=S. |last5=Jacobsen |first5=S.-E. |date=2016 |title=Growth and Physiological Responses of Quinoa to Drought and Temperature Stress |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jac.12167 |journal=Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science |language=en |volume=202 |issue=6 |pages=445–453 |doi=10.1111/jac.12167 |bibcode=2016JAgCS.202..445Y |issn=1439-037X}}</ref> The randomness of weather conditions due to climate change has hindered development of quinoa crops.<ref name=":4" />

The quinoa boom and bust cycle led to a periodic increased demand for quinoa which originally resulted in increased production in its native area. However, when other countries recognized the economic benefit of producing quinoa, its cultivation in Europe and the United States increased.<ref name=":2" /> Some studies indicate that it may be more productive to grow quinoa in the United States, particularly in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]], and in China rather than in its native regions.<ref name=":5" />

{{nutritional value
| name = Quinoa, uncooked
| kJ = 1539
| water = 13.3 g
| protein = 14.1 g
| fat = 6.1 g
| monofat = 1.6 g
| polyfat = 3.3 g
| carbs = 64.2 g
| fibre = 7.0 g
| calcium_mg = 47
| iron_mg = 4.6
| magnesium_mg = 197
| phosphorus_mg = 457
| potassium_mg = 563
| sodium_mg = 5
| zinc_mg = 3.1
| copper_mg = 0.590
| manganese_mg = 2.0
| selenium_ug = 8.5
| vitC_mg = 0
| thiamin_mg = 0.36
| riboflavin_mg = 0.32
| niacin_mg = 1.52
| vitB6_mg = 0.49
| folate_ug = 184
| choline_mg = 70
| vitA_ug = 1
| vitE_mg = 2.4
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168874/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}