Editing Puerto Ricans (section)

==Emigration==
{{See also|Stateside Puerto Ricans}}
During the Spanish colonial period, there was significant migration from Puerto Rico to [[Santo Domingo]], [[Cuba]], the [[Virgin Islands]], and [[Venezuela]], and vice versa, because migration between neighboring colonies especially under the same European power, was common. Nearly all Puerto Ricans who migrated to these areas during these times, assimilated and intermixed with the local populations. In the early days of US rule, from 1900 to the 1940s, the Puerto Rican economy was small and undeveloped, it relied heavily on agriculture. At this time, Puerto Rican migration waves were mainly to Dominican Republic,<ref>[https://catalogo.uasd.edu.do/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=17104]</ref> the Virgin Islands, and US cities such as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Miami, New Orleans, and most importantly metropolitan area surrounding New York City and North Jersey. Over 5,000 [[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii]] from 1900 to 1901.<ref name="CEP Part 2">{{cite web | title=History of Puerto Ricans In the US - PART TWO | website=Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños | date=2021-08-23 | url=https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/education/story-us-puerto-ricans-part-two | access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref><ref name="Lehman">{{cite web | title=Puerto Rican Migration Before World War II | website=Lehman College | url=https://lcw.lehman.edu/lehman/depts/latinampuertorican/latinoweb/PuertoRico/beforeww2.htm | access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaching Guide for The History of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. - Part Two: ''Labor Migration and U.S. Policies'' |url=https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/edu/VSK%20Teaching%20Guide%20Part%202.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420134408/https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/edu/VSK%20Teaching%20Guide%20Part%202.pdf |archive-date=Apr 20, 2021 |website=Center for Puerto Rican Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/labor/article-abstract/13/3-4/83/41760/Building-an-Occupation-Puerto-Rican-Laborers-in|doi = 10.1215/15476715-3595964|title = Building an Occupation: Puerto Rican Laborers in the Dominican Republic, 1916–1924|year = 2016|last1 = Wright|first1 = Micah|journal = Labor|volume = 13|issue = 3–4|pages = 83–103|s2cid = 156241283}}</ref> Puerto Rican migration to the US northeast started as early as the 1890s; however, it was a very, very small flow at the time. During the 1940s, Puerto Rican desire for independence slowly started to decline while desire for statehood and dependence on the US started rise, due to this more Puerto Ricans started to look at the US more favorably and take full advantage of their US citizenship, huge flows of Puerto Ricans started to arrive in the United States, particularly industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest, coinciding with a strong decline in Puerto Ricans migrating to other countries and even other areas in the US like Baltimore, New Orleans, and Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americansall.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdf/ethnic-and-cultural/9.9_Puerto_Ricans_Immigrants_and_Migrants.pdf |title=PUERTO RICANS: IMMIGRANTS AND MIGRANTS |website=americansall.org |access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-32|isbn=978-0-19-932917-5|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.32|chapter=Puerto Ricans in the United States|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History|year=2015|last1=Thomas|first1=Lorrin}}</ref> From 1940 to 1960, the stateside Puerto Rican population rose from 69,967 to 892,513, the majority of which went to the New York metro area.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html]</ref> For the bulk of the 1900s, New York City was the center of the Puerto Rican diaspora.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613011114/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/pub/puerto.shtml]</ref><ref>[https://academicworks.cuny.edu/clacls_pubs/112/]</ref> However, since the start of the 2000s, the Puerto Rican population in the NYC area has declined and the total Puerto Rican population in the mainland United States has since spread out, with Florida (especially the Orlando area) being the most popular destination.<ref>[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/09/29/puerto-ricos-exodus-maria-orlando-215659/]</ref><ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2014/08/11/puerto-rican-population-declines-on-island-grows-on-u-s-mainland/]</ref>

In the modern day, there are about 5.9 million Puerto Ricans in the US mainland.<ref name=ACS-B03001-2019>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03001%3A%20HISPANIC%20OR%20LATINO%20ORIGIN%20BY%20SPECIFIC%20ORIGIN&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B03001&hidePreview=true|title=B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|date=July 1, 2019|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> Large concentrations can be found in the Northeast region and in Florida, in the metropolitan areas of [[New York metropolitan area|New York]], [[Greater Orlando|Orlando]], [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia]], [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami]], [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago]], [[Tampa Bay area|Tampa]], and [[Greater Boston|Boston]], among others. Although over 95% of Puerto Ricans living outside of Puerto Rico live in the mainland United States, there is a significant and growing number of Puerto Ricans – mainly from Puerto Rico itself but also to a lesser degree from the 50 states – living in other countries. Puerto Rican populations in other countries are very small, not large enough to have dominance over certain neighborhoods and cities like in Florida and the US Northeast. Unsurprisingly, Puerto Rico's neighbors have the biggest Puerto Rican communities outside Puerto Rico and the US mainland, to the west Dominican Republic with as high as 34,000 Puerto Ricans according to some sources,<ref>[https://www.elnuevodia.com/negocios/economia/notas/en-busca-del-retiro-sonado-mas-puertorriquenos-jubilados-se-mudan-a-la-tierra-del-merengue/]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/sin-categoria/2013/09/30/migracion-inversa-boricuas-se-establecen-dominicana.html | title=Migración a la inversa: Boricuas se establecen en Dominicana | date=September 30, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://elnacional.com.do/puertorriquenos-emigran-en-masa-hacia-dominicana/ | title=Puertorriqueños emigran en masa hacia Dominicana | date=September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.notiuno.com/noticias/en-aumento-emigraci-n-de-puertorrique-os-a-rep-blica-dominicana/article_fd3bb279-25da-5269-a417-75b3e87d6497.html | title=En aumento emigración de puertorriqueños a República Dominicana | date=August 31, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/migracion-de-puerto-rico-a-republica-dominicana-a-estados-unidos-mala-economia-pkg-rafy-rivera/ | title=Puertorriqueños buscan nuevas oportunidades en República Dominicana &#124; Video | date=May 16, 2019 }}</ref> and to the east US Virgin Islands with 7,759, 8.9% of the territory's population, second highest percentage of any US state or territory, after Puerto Rico (95.5%) and before Connecticut (8.0%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stthomassource.com/content/news/local-news/2013/02/05/us-census-shows-vi-aging-growing-more-hispanic |title=U.S. Census Shows V.I. Aging, Growing More Hispanic &#124; St. Thomas Source |website=stthomassource.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025647/http://stthomassource.com/content/news/local-news/2013/02/05/us-census-shows-vi-aging-growing-more-hispanic |archive-date=10 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CB2016">{{cite web | title=Dominican Economy Lures Puerto Ricans in Crisis | website=Caribbean Business | date=2016-01-25 | url=https://caribbeanbusiness.com/dominican-economy-lures-puerto-ricans-in-crisis/ | access-date=2021-09-04 | archive-date=April 10, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410145410/https://caribbeanbusiness.com/dominican-economy-lures-puerto-ricans-in-crisis/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> There are small numbers of Puerto Ricans in other countries like Canada, Spain, Mexico, United Kingdom, and other countries in Europe and the Caribbean/Latin America. Due to Puerto Rico being a US territory, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans leaving the island go to the mainland United States, comprising Puerto Ricans of all income brackets and lifestyles. However, majority of the small number of Puerto Ricans living outside of the United States, including outside of Puerto Rico and other territories, are usually financially well-off and entrepreneurial, owning homes and businesses in the countries they choose to settle in.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/sin-categoria/2013/10/01/moda-que-boricuas-hagan-negocios-dominicana.html#:~:text=De%20acuerdo%20con%20el%20Centro%20de%20Exportaci%C3%B3n%20e,miner%C3%ADa%2C%20construcci%C3%B3n%2C%20manufactura%2C%20energ%C3%ADa%2C%20turismo%2C%20servicios%20e%20inmobiliarios | title=De moda el que boricuas hagan negocios en Dominicana | date=October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eldinero.com.do/181112/empresarios-de-puerto-rico-buscan-oportunidades-de-negocios-en-republica-dominicana/ | title=Empresarios de Puerto Rico buscan oportunidades de negocios en República Dominicana | date=December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.diariolibre.com/usa/actualidad/empresarios-de-puerto-rico-llegan-a-rd-en-busca-de-oportunidades-de-negocios-NC30238674 | title=Empresarios de Puerto Rico llegan a RD en busca de oportunidades de negocios | date=November 30, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/notas/boricuas-viven-su-retiro-en-republica-dominicana/ | title=Boricuas viven su retiro en República Dominicana | date=August 31, 2018 }}</ref> Statistical counts of Puerto Rican populations in other countries usually only center on ethnic Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico. Other ethnic groups born in Puerto Rico who move away usually wouldn't be included in a Puerto Rican population count, especially if they have ancestry of at least one parent born in target country – for example people of Dominican, Cuban, or Mexican etc ancestry born in Puerto Rico and later returning to their ancestral country – wouldn't be counted in a Puerto Rican population count, but likely rather counted as a "returning emigrant". Similarly, Puerto Ricans born in the mainland United States would be counted under an [[Emigration from the United States|"American"]] statistic, so the Puerto Rican populations abroad may be slightly larger as some may be stateside-born and counted as "American" rather than "Puerto Rican" on local government statistics on immigrants.<ref>[https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.one.gob.do%2Fmedia%2Fhrsnqml3%2Fcuadro-composici%25C3%25B3n-porcentual-poblaci%25C3%25B3n-inmigrante-por-pa%25C3%25ADs-nacimiento-seg%25C3%25BAn-algunas-caracter%25C3%25ADsticas-enhogar-2015.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK]</ref><ref name="oecd-ilibrary.org">[https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/el-panorama-de-la-migracion-en-republica-dominicana_5jft8jpm6wvj.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fcomponent%2F9789264276918-6-es&mimeType=pdf ''El panorama de la migración en República Dominicana: Cuadro 2.4. Los Haitianos son el principal grupo de inmigrantes'']</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1 |title=2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date=2011-04-02 |access-date=2016-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422053324/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1 |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/estudios/sociodemografico/ext_en_mex/extraen_mex.pdf#22 ''Los extranjeros en México''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214112327/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/estudios/sociodemografico/ext_en_mex/extraen_mex.pdf|date=February 14, 2007}}</ref>