Editing Public housing (section)

== Asia ==
=== China ===
[[File:上海市彭浦新村老公房 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|An "Old Public House" in Pengpu Xincun, Shanghai.]]
[[File:新城区廉租房 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A low-rent house in [[Ningnan County]], Sichuan.]]
The public-owned housing system was established when the [[Chinese Communist Party]] started a [[planned economy]] in the 1950s as part of its [[Great Leap Forward]]. The system was funded by the central government's budget and were administered and distributed by [[state-owned enterprise]]s. The occupants of the public housing were usually the employees of the enterprises and their family, who were subject to pay rent at a very low price. The size and the type of room the households received were dependent on their job title or administrative level. The central government found it difficult to upkeep the public housing due to the low rent it received; the distribution policy that was intended to be "[[equalitarianism]]" was actually corrupt.<ref name="gongfang">{{cite book|author=贾绍华|title=房地产业健康发展的税收政策研究：基于海南国际旅游岛房地产业的分析|publisher=中国财政经济出版社|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu9_DwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%85%AC%E6%88%BF+%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&pg=PT143|isbn=9-787-5095-4636-9|language=zh|date=15 July 2013}}</ref>

The Chinese government commercialized the housing market after the [[Chinese economic reform|economic reform]] started in 1978 by [[Deng Xiaoping]]. The public houses that were constructed before that the economic reforms were categorized as "Old Public Houses" ({{lang-zh|老公房}}). "Old Public Houses" were, in principle, not supposed to be privately sold, but the household could sell it after purchasing the ownership of the building (not the property), and such transactions were subject to be review by local housing authorities and the [[State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|title=律师房谈：老公房买卖存隐患 户口问题是大难|url=https://sh.house.qq.com/a/20141125/041235_all.htm|publisher=腾讯网|date=25 November 2014|language=zh|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513015748/https://sh.house.qq.com/a/20141125/041235_all.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, an informal filing system and unclear policies resulted in problems of corruption and family dispute.<ref>{{cite news|title=杭州一位小科长能贪19套公房？来看他这些年来的变形记|url=http://zj.ifeng.com/a/20171121/6168835_0.shtml|publisher=凤凰网|date=21 November 2017|language=zh|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513222349/http://zj.ifeng.com/a/20171121/6168835_0.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=十三、 涉老公房买卖纠纷的调解处理|url=http://www.shezfy.com/book/tcsc/p5_14.html|publisher=上海市第二中级人民法院|language=zh|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327153532/http://www.shezfy.com/book/tcsc/p5_14.html|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The concept of the low-cost rental housing can be traced to a 1998 policy statement,{{clarify|date=January 2012}} but did not truly take off until 2006 due to limited funding and administrative problems. The provision of more affordable housing is one of the key components of China's [[Five-year plans of China|Twelfth Five-year Plan]], which targets the construction of 36 million homes by 2015. That program's costs will be split between the private and public sector and are estimated at five trillion yuan by [[China International Capital Corporation]].<ref>Sun Jianfang (24 October 2011) [http://www.eeo.com.cn/ens/2011/1209/217531.shtml Will Housing Projects Boost GDP?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304110946/http://www.eeo.com.cn/ens/2011/1209/217531.shtml |date=4 March 2012 }} The Economic Observer Quarterly. Retrieved 9 December 2011.</ref>

=== Hong Kong ===
{{Main|Public housing in Hong Kong}} 	
[[File:HK Clague Garden Estate.jpg|thumbnail|[[Clague Garden Estate]], a public housing estate in [[Tsuen Wan]], Hong Kong|alt=]]

In Hong Kong, public housing is one of the major housing policies of the government. Nearly half of Hong Kong's 7.5&nbsp;million population lives in public housing.<ref name="census housing">[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?charsetID=1&subjectID=1&tableID=160 Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department – Population by type of housing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614061640/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?charsetID=1&subjectID=1&tableID=160 |date=14 June 2011 }} The government provides public housing through flats which are rented at a lower price than the market rate, and through the [[Home Ownership Scheme]], are sold at a lower price. The [[Hong Kong Housing Authority]] and the [[Hong Kong Housing Society]] build and administer these homes.</ref> The two main public housing providers are the [[Hong Kong Housing Authority|Housing Authority]] and the [[Hong Kong Housing Society|Housing Society]].

The most common types of public housing in Hong Kong are public rental housing (PRH) and subsidised sale flats produced under the [[Home Ownership Scheme]] (HOS). In 2016, approximately 31 per cent of Hong Kong households lived in PRH flats while 15 per cent resided in subsidised sale flats (of all types).<ref name="hklegco2016">{{cite web |title=Public housing |url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1617issh09-public-housing-20161122-e.pdf |website=Research Publications |publisher=Research Office, Information Services Division, Legislative Council Secretariat |date=22 November 2016 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423111815/https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1617issh09-public-housing-20161122-e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The origin of large-scale public housing in Hong Kong can be traced to the [[Resettlement area|resettlement programme]] launched by the Hong Kong government in the 1950s in response to the increasing prevalence of squatter settlements, which emerged as a result of a great influx of refugees following the [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Communist revolution in China]]. The squatter villages were considered unsafe as they were susceptible to disastrous fires, including [[Shek Kip Mei fire|a 1953 blaze in Shek Kip Mei]] that rendered over 50,000 people homeless overnight.<ref name="quietrevolution">{{cite news |last1=Wordie |first1=Jason |title=Public housing: HK's quiet revolution |work=Sunday Review |publisher=South China Morning Post |date=3 June 2001 |page=12}}</ref>

Large-scale resettlement estates were built throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In 1973, the government of [[Murray MacLehose, Baron MacLehose of Beoch|Sir Murray MacLehose]] launched the Ten-Year Housing Programme, which aimed to provide the entire population with "satisfactory housing" within a decade. The government also launched the [[Home Ownership Scheme]] (HOS) in 1976 to enable lower-income households to purchase flats.<ref name="HKHAdevelopment">{{cite web |title=Public Housing Development |url=https://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/common/pdf/about-us/public-housing-heritage/public-housing-development/Timeline%28W3C%29_EN.pdf |publisher=Hong Kong Housing Authority |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919171536/https://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/common/pdf/about-us/public-housing-heritage/public-housing-development/Timeline(W3C)_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many public housing estates were built as part of [[New towns of Hong Kong|new town development programmes]]. During the 1980s, most of the earliest resettlement estates (from the 1950s and early 1960s) were also rebuilt to modern standards. Public housing remains a key concern of the Hong Kong Government, which plans to construct some 330,000 units between 2022 and 2032.<ref name="hkpolicyaddress2021">{{cite web |title=The Chief Executive's 2021 Policy Address |url=https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2021/eng/p81.html |publisher=Hong Kong Government |date=2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116033127/https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2021/eng/p81.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== India ===
86.6% of the Indian population lives in [[List of Indian states by families owning house|own houses]]. There are various public housing projects by both state and central governments in small scale.

Kerala has started an initiative of public housing called [[Nava Kerala Mission|Life]] which is a part of their welfare mission, [[Nava Kerala Mission]] which aims to be one of the biggest public housing initiatives undertaken on a state level in India is schemed to build houses for an estimated 4.32 [[lakh]] (432,000) families in Kerala who do not own any land or houses. The handover of 3,23,894 houses were completed till date under the mission.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-govt-opposition-spar-over-life-mission-housing-scheme/articleshow/97759546.cms | title=Kerala govt & opposition spar over Life Mission housing scheme | newspaper=The Times of India | date=9 February 2023 }}</ref>

===Indonesia===
Indonesia has undertaken ''One Million Houses program'' for low-income people. The program has been implementing since 2015 to achieve an ambitious target of building 10 million houses. The proportion of the housing is 70 percent for low-income people and 30 percent for non-low-income people. This program is a joint movement between the Central Government, regional governments, real estate developers and the community. The program is targeted to reach one million housing units annually.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/05/jokowi-inaugurates-low-cost-houses-in-bekasi.html|title=Jokowi inaugurates low-cost houses in Bekasi|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184244/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/05/jokowi-inaugurates-low-cost-houses-in-bekasi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/98557/indonesia-to-start-implementation-of-one-million-houses-program|title=Indonesia To Start Implementation of One Million Houses Program|newspaper=Antara News|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232744/https://en.antaranews.com/news/98557/indonesia-to-start-implementation-of-one-million-houses-program|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, about 700,000 homes were built, increasing to approximately 800,000 in 2016 and around 904,000 by the end of 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/01/06/govt-to-continue-1-million-houses-program.html|title=Govt to continue 1 million houses program|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184320/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/01/06/govt-to-continue-1-million-houses-program.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gapurajakarta.com/news/2018/09/10/will-indonesia-finally-achieve-jokowis-one-million-houses/1536562694|title=Will Indonesia finally achieve Jokowi's One Million Houses?|newspaper=Gapura Jakarta|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184319/https://gapurajakarta.com/news/2018/09/10/will-indonesia-finally-achieve-jokowis-one-million-houses/1536562694|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Iran===
*{{ill|Maskan mehr|fa|مسکن مهر}}
*{{ill|Maskan meli|fa|مسکن ملی}}
Iranian [[Minister of Road and Urban Development]] promised to deliver 4 millions apartment unit and flats and failed its aim.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/housing-in-iran |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517211602/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/housing-in-iran |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.iranintl.com/en/iran/can-raisi-build-million-new-homes-every-year-iran |title=Can Raisi Build a Million New Homes Every Year in Iran? |date=5 September 2021 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215193117/https://old.iranintl.com/en/iran/can-raisi-build-million-new-homes-every-year-iran |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/10/21/ghost-towers |title=Portfolio: The Ghost Towers of Iran's Housing Crisis |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=8 October 2019 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407083608/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/10/21/ghost-towers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Economic News |url=https://kayhan.ir/files/en/publication/pages/1400/6/7/2086_16642.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120160823/https://kayhan.ir/files/en/publication/pages/1400/6/7/2086_16642.pdf |archive-date=Nov 20, 2023 |website=Kayhan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1402/02/01/2883330/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87-600-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=آورده 600 میلیونی نهضت ملی مسکن سنگین است/احتمال فروش امتیاز واحدها به دلالان- اخبار راه و مسکن - اخبار اقتصادی تسنیم &#124; Tasnim &#124; خبرگزاری تسنیم &#124; Tasnim |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505173908/https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1402/02/01/2883330/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87-600-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85100035/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%88-%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C |title=چند و چون نهضت ملی مسکن در آذربایجان غربی/ امیدوار کننده ولی با توفیق کم |date=3 May 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515213633/https://www.irna.ir/news/85100035/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%88-%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5760595/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86 |title=واکاوی دلایل افت اجرای طرح نهضت ملی مسکن |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511031830/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5760595/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Registration scheme is closed for only males aged 23–45 without prior land ownership history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saman.mrud.ir/|title=سامانه جامع طرح های حمایتی مسکن|website=saman.mrud.ir}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
{{Main|Danchi}}
{{nihongo|Danchi|団地|literally "group land"}} is the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word for a large cluster of apartment buildings or houses of a particular style and design, typically built as public housing by government authorities.

The Japan Housing Corporation (JHC), now known as the [[Urban Renaissance Agency]] (UR), was founded in 1955. During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, the JHC built many {{lang|ja-Latn|danchi}} in suburban areas to offset the increasing housing demand during the [[Japanese economic miracle|post-World War II economic boom]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Tsutomu |last=Yamashita |title=Showa 30s Movie Revives Interest in Danchi |work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |page=15 |date=9 December 2007 }}</ref> It introduced the Japanese [[salaryman]] to a life around the [[nuclear family]] in contrast with the multi-generation homes before the war.<ref name="NYT 2017-11-30">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/world/asia/japan-lonely-deaths-the-end.html |title=A Generation in Japan Faces a Lonely Death |author=Norimitsu Onichi |date=30 November 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515201019/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/world/asia/japan-lonely-deaths-the-end.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The rent payment for a {{lang|ja-Latn|danchi}} is much cheaper than that of an apartment or a mortgage, but for a public {{lang|ja-Latn|danchi}} the prospective tenant must usually participate in a lottery to be assigned an open apartment. Residents in UR danchi do not have to pay key money or contract renewal fees, making the residences cheaper than comparable housing even if the monthly rents are equivalent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brasor |first1=Phillip |author2=Masako Tsubuku |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20110906ht.html |title=There are advantages to choosing UR property |work=[[The Japan Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018211644/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20110906ht.html |url-status=dead |date=6 September 2011 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |page=10 }}</ref>

=== Singapore ===
[[File:Pinnacle@Duxton, Singapore - 20100101.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[The Pinnacle@Duxton]] is one of Singapore's most well known public housing projects for its design.]]
{{Main|Public housing in Singapore}}
In Singapore, the public housing program, particularly the planning and development of new public housing and the allocation of rental units and resale of existing ownership units, is managed by the [[Housing and Development Board]]. Day-to-day management of public housing communities has been delegated to Town Councils headed by the local members of parliament.

In 2018, 78.7% of Singaporean residents live in public residential developments, ranging from studio units to executive condominiums provided by the HDB, a major factor in Singapore having one of the highest home-ownership rates – over 90% of the resident population – in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singapore Resident Households by dwellings|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/-/media/Files/visualising_data/infographics/Population/singapore-population13022019|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215160407/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/-/media/Files/visualising_data/infographics/Population/singapore-population13022019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Taiwan ===
{{Main|Public housing in Taiwan}}
[[File:Minglun Social Housing front view 20230304.jpg|thumb|300px|Minglun Social housing located in [[Taipei]].]]

After [[Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan]], [[Taiwan]] experienced a population surge and, beginning in the 1980s, faced issues with ageing [[military dependents' village]]. To address these housing needs, the government constructed various types of public housing projects across the country. Starting in 1976, approximately 390,000 housing units were built, providing accommodation for around 1.58 million people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Chin-Oh |last2=Yuan |first2=Shu-Mei |date=October 2013 |title= Public Housing Policy in Taiwan |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289342970 |journal= National Chengchi University |pages=85–101 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-41622-4_6 |isbn=978-3-642-41621-7 |access-date= 2024-10-10}}</ref> These projects were largely managed by specialised local government agencies, such as the National Housing Bureau.<ref>{{cite news|title=Does Taiwan have a housing crisis?|url=https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=3555|publisher=Commonwealth Magazine|author=Chang-Tai Hsieh| author-link=Chang-Tai Hsieh |date=2023-11-07|language=en|access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref> Taiwan’s public housing is generally categorized into three types:

* Rebuilt Military-Dependent Villages: These communities were primarily named with the suffix "New Village" (新村) (e.g., [[Matsu New Village]]) and aimed at replacing deteriorating military housing.
* Housing for Civil Servants and their Families: These communities served public employees and their families.
* Public Housing for Private Purchase: A limited number of units were made available for public purchase by private citizens.

In the late 1990s, due to an oversupply of housing units in the private market, the government decided to halt large-scale public housing projects, except for the continued redevelopment of military-dependent villages. This shift aimed to prevent issues like collusion between officials and developers, as well as competition with private developers.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Tale of Two Cities: Taiwan's Social Housing Policy Practice in Taipei and Taoyuan City, 2014-2018|url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2021/06/23/a-tale-of-two-cities-taiwans-social-housing-policy-practice-in-taipei-and-taoyuan-city-2014-2018/|publisher=Taiwan Insight|author=Chris Chih-Hua Tseng|date=23 June 2021|language=en|access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref>

Since the 2010s, with real estate speculation driving urban housing prices up, the government has focused on new types of public housing initiatives. These include affordable housing units for sale through public-private partnerships and social housing projects intended for rental, such as Taiwan’s "Social Housing" (社會住宅) initiative. However, there have been recurring concerns about potential collusion between government officials and developers in these new projects.<ref>{{cite news|title=The "miracle" of Taiwan's luxury social housing|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2024/04/04/taiwan-social-housing-revival/|publisher=Dezeen|author=Nat Barker|date=4 April 2024|language=en|access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref>

=== Vietnam ===

From the 1960s to the 1980s, Vietnam built ''Khu tập thể'' (KTT), socialist-modeled apartment blocks on the periphery of cities for civil servants, state-owned companies' workers, and military personnel.<ref name="urbanet.info">{{Cite web|last1=c|first1=Boram KimhurPhD|last2=Environment|first2=idate at OTB-Research for the Built|last3=Housing|first3=Delft University of TechnologyBoram Kimhur has worked as a|last4=UN-Habitat|first4=Urban Specialist at|last5=Foundation|first5=the Hilti|last6=KOICA|last7=poor|first7=INGO Asian Bridge Her work has been dedicated to the housing issues of the urban|last8=Groups|first8=Marginalized|last9=approaches|first9=housing rights She mainly focuses on community-driven housing|date=2019-05-09|title=When Communities Transform Old Socialist Housing into Adequate Housing – Part 1|url=https://www.urbanet.info/when-communities-transform-old-socialist-housing-into-adequate-housing-part-1/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Urbanet|language=en-US|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207225709/https://www.urbanet.info/when-communities-transform-old-socialist-housing-into-adequate-housing-part-1/|url-status=live}}</ref> Market reforms in the late 1980s resulted in the partial privatization of the KTT, which were sold to low- and low-middle income populations.<ref name="urbanet.info"/> The KTT have since become dilapidated, due to a lack of municipal funding for repairs and maintenance, and been the target of demolition, displacement, and redevelopment for high-income populations.<ref name="urbanet.info"/>	

In the 2010s, Vietnam has experienced a surge in property prices, with the affordable housing stock shrinking by 7% of the entire housing stock from 2014 to 2016, and apartment prices rising by 90% between 2017 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Heller|first=Philip|title=Vietnam's Real Estate Market Continues Record Run|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/philipheller/2021/04/05/vietnams-real-estate-market-continues-record-run/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207230209/https://www.forbes.com/sites/philipheller/2021/04/05/vietnams-real-estate-market-continues-record-run/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=VnExpress|title=Housing crisis brews in Vietnam as low-income homebuyers forgotten – VnExpress International|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/housing-crisis-brews-in-vietnam-as-low-income-homebuyers-forgotten-3525825.html|access-date=2021-12-07|website=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207230210/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/housing-crisis-brews-in-vietnam-as-low-income-homebuyers-forgotten-3525825.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Developers are not interested in social housing projects since they are not profitable, even amidst rising demand from workers, so the Ministry of Construction requires funding to build 294,600 social housing units in the 2021 – 2025 period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=VietnamPlus|date=2021-11-01|title=Social housing development in 2021–2025 requires over 9.6 billion USD {{!}} Society {{!}} Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)|url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/social-housing-development-in-20212025-requires-over-96-billion-usd/211702.vnp|access-date=2021-12-07|website=VietnamPlus|language=en|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208044805/https://en.vietnamplus.vn/social-housing-development-in-20212025-requires-over-96-billion-usd/211702.vnp|url-status=live}}</ref>