Editing Pseudohistory (section)

==== Ethnocentric or nationalist revisionism ====
{{see also|Historiography and nationalism|National mysticism}}

Most [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentric]] (i.e. [[Pre-Columbian Africa-Americas contact theories]], see [[Ancient Egyptian race controversy]]) ideas have been identified as pseudohistorical,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dcn.davis.ca.us/~gizmo/2001/clarence.html |title=Clarence Walker encourages black Americans to discard Afrocentrism |access-date=2007-11-13 |last=Sherwin |first=Elisabeth |publisher=Davis Community Network }}</ref><ref name="Ortiz1997">{{Cite journal|author=Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo & Gabriel Haslip Viera & Warren Barbour|year=1997|title=They were NOT here before Columbus: Afrocentric hyper-diffusionism in the 1990s|journal=Ethnohistory|pages=199–234|volume=44|doi=10.2307/483368|issue=2|publisher=Duke University Press|jstor=483368}}</ref> alongside the "[[Indigenous Aryans#Pseudoscience and postmodernism|Indigenous Aryans]]" theories published by [[Hindu nationalists]] during the 1990s and 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Meera|last= Nanda|title=Response to my critics|journal= Social Epistemology|volume= 19|issue=1|date= January–March 2005|url=http://physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/Nanda_SocEpist.pdf|pages=147–191|doi=10.1080/02691720500084358|s2cid= 10045510}}
{{Cite book| last =Sokal | first =Alan | author-link =Alan Sokal|chapter=Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?|editor-last= Fagan|editor-first=Garrett|title=Archaeological Fantasies: How pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year= 2006 |isbn=0-415-30592-6}}</ref> The "crypto-history" developed within [[Ariosophy|Germanic mysticism]] and [[Nazi occultism]] has likewise been placed under this categorization.<ref>[[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]]. 1985. ''[[The Occult Roots of Nazism]]: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935''. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. {{ISBN|0-85030-402-4}}. (Several reprints.)  Expanded with a new Preface, 2004, I.B. Tauris & Co. {{ISBN|1-86064-973-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kristkoiz |first=Suzanne |date=2021-04-21 |title=The Utilisation of Historically Revisionist Narratives by the FPÖ and the AfD |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2021/04/21/the-utilisation-of-historically-revisionist-narratives-by-the-fpo-and-the-afd/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref> Among leading Nazis, [[Heinrich Himmler]] is believed to have been influenced by occultism and according to one theory, developed the SS base at [[Wewelsburg]] in accordance with an esoteric plan.

The [[Sun Language Theory]] is a pseudohistorical ideology which argues that all languages are descended from a form of proto-Turkish.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aytürk, İlker |date=November 2004 |title=Turkish Linguists against the West: The Origins of Linguistic Nationalism in Atatürk's Turkey |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1–25 |location=London |publisher=Frank Cass & Co (Routledge) |doi=10.1080/0026320042000282856 |issn=0026-3206 |oclc=86539631|url=http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/49528/1/Turkish_linguists_against_the_West_the_Origins_of_linguistic_nationalism_Ataturks_Turkey.pdf |hdl=11693/49528 |s2cid=144968896 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The theory may have been partially devised in order to legitimize Arabic and Semitic loanwords occurring in the Turkish language by instead asserting that the Arabic and Semitic words were derived from the Turkish ones rather than vice versa.<ref>[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] (2003), [[Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]]. [[Palgrave Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|978-1403917232}} [http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232], p. 165.</ref>

A large number of nationalist pseudohistorical theories deal with the legendary [[Ten Lost Tribes]] of ancient Israel. [[British Israelism#Claims and criticism|British-Israelism]], also known as Anglo-Israelism, the most famous example of this type, has been conclusively refuted by mainstream historians using evidence from a vast array of different fields of study.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Melton|first1=J. Gordon|title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaprot00melt_306|url-access=limited|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|isbn=0-8160-5456-8|year=2005|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaprot00melt_306/page/n656 107]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cross|first1=Frank Leslie|last2=Livingstone|first2=Elizabeth A.|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0192802903|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA241|language=en|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shapiro|first1=Faydra L.|title=Christian Zionism: Navigating the Jewish-Christian Border|publisher=Cascade Books|location=Eugene, OR|year=2015|page=151}}</ref>

[[Antiquization]] or Ancient Macedonism is a nationalistic pseudohistorical theory which postulates direct demographic, cultural and linguistic continuity between [[ancient Macedonians]] and the [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|main ethnic group]] in present-day [[North Macedonia]].<ref>Anastas Vangeli, Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia. {{doi|10.1080/00905992.2010.532775}} Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Todorović |first1=Miloš |title=Nationalistic Pseudohistory in the Balkans |journal=Skeptic Magazine |date=2019 |volume=24 |issue=4 |url=https://www.academia.edu/41295763 |access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> The [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] medieval dynasty of [[Cometopuli dynasty|the Komitopules]], which ruled the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in late 10th and early 11th centuries AD, is presented as "Macedonian", ruling a "medieval Macedonian state", because its capitals were located in what was previously the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|ancient kingdom of Macedonia]].<ref>Svetozar Rajak, Konstantina E. Botsiou, Eirini Karamouzi, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou ed. The Balkans in the Cold War. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World, Springer, 2017, {{ISBN|1137439033}}, p. 313.</ref> [[Historiography in North Macedonia|North Macedonian historians]] often replace the ethnonym "Bulgarians" with "Macedonians", or avoid it.<ref>[https://novini.bg/sviat/balkani/689565 Македонски историк призна: Да, има фалшификации в историографията ни]</ref><ref>Коста Църнушанов [https://www.strumski.com/books/Kosta_Tsyrnushabnov_Makedonizmyt_Sbit.pdf "Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него"]. София, Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 1992. стр. 428</ref> North Macedonian scholars say the theory is intended to forge a national identity distinct from modern [[Bulgaria]], which regards North Macedonia as an artificial nation.<ref name=nyt-macedonia/> The theory is controversial in [[Greece]] and sparked mass protests there in 2018.<ref name=nyt-prespa/> A particular item of dispute is North Macedonian veneration of [[Alexander the Great]]; mainstream scholarship holds that Alexander had Greek ancestry, he was born in an area of ancient Macedonia that is now Greece, and he ruled over North Macedonia but never lived there and did not speak the local language.<ref name=nyt-macedonia>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |title=Who Owns Alexander the Great? It's a Diplomatic Minefield. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/19/world/europe/north-macedonia-history-statues.html?searchResultPosition=1 |url-access=limited |date=June 19, 2024 |work=The New York Times |location=New York City |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Willi |first=Andreas |title=Whose Is Macedonia, Whose Is Alexander? |journal=The Classical Journal |volume=105 |number=1 |date=October–November 2009 |pages=59–64 |doi=10.5184/00098353.105.1.59 |url=https://doi.org/10.5184/00098353.105.1.59 |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref> To placate Greece and thereby facilitate the country's entry into the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]], the Macedonian government formally renounced claims of ancient Macedonian heritage with the 2018 [[Prespa Agreement]].<ref name=nyt-macedonia/><ref name=nyt-prespa>{{cite news |last=Kitsantonis |first=Niki |title=Macedonia Agrees to Change Its Name to Resolve Dispute With Greece |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/12/world/europe/macedonia-greece-name-dispute.html |url-access=limited |date=June 12, 2018 |work=The New York Times |location=New York City |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref>

[[Dacianism]] is a Romanian pseudohistorical current that attempts to attribute far more influence over European and world history to the [[Dacians]] than that which they actually enjoyed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boia|first1=Lucian|title=Istorie și mit în conștiința românească|date=1997|publisher=Humanitas|location=Bucharest, Romania|pages=160–161}}</ref> Dacianist historiography claims that the Dacians held primacy over all other civilizations, including the [[Roman people|Romans]];<ref>{{harvnb|Boia|1997|pp=149–151}}</ref> that the [[Dacian language]] was the origin of [[Latin]] and all other languages, such as [[Hindi]] and [[Akkadian language|Babylonian]];<ref name="George Pruteanu">{{cite web | date=26 March 1996 | title=Doar o vorbă SĂȚ-I mai spun | website=George Pruteanu | url=http://georgepruteanu.ro/4doarovorba/emis000-protv-960325-traco-daci.htm | language=ro | access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> and sometimes that the [[Zalmoxis]] cult has structural links to Christianity.<ref>{{harvnb|Boia|1997|p=169}}</ref> Dacianism was most prevalent in [[National Communism in Romania|National Communist]] [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], as the [[Nicolae Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu]] regime portrayed the Dacians as insurgents defying an "imperialist" Rome; the [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist Party]] had formally attached "protochronism", as Dacianism was known, to [[Marxism|Marxist]] ideology by 1974.<ref>{{harvnb|Boia|1997|pp=120, 154–156}}</ref>