Editing Presbyterianism (section)

====England====
{{Main|English Presbyterianism}}
In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592. [[Thomas Cartwright (Puritan)|Thomas Cartwright]] is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England. Cartwright's controversial lectures at [[Cambridge University]] condemning the [[episcopal polity|episcopal]] hierarchy of the [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop [[John Whitgift]] and his emigration abroad. Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the [[Long Parliament]] established Presbyterianism as the polity of the [[Church of England]]. Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the [[Execution of Charles I|execution]] of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and the establishment of the republican [[Commonwealth of England]] meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England. The [[Stuart Restoration|Restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660 brought the return of [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal church government]] in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church. In 1719 a major split, the [[Thomas Bradbury (minister)|Salter's Hall controversy]], occurred; with the majority siding with [[nontrinitarian]] views. [[Thomas Bradbury (minister)|Thomas Bradbury]] published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, "An answer to the reproaches cast on the [[dissenting minister]]s who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity." By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] in doctrine.

A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] immigrants to England in the 19th century and later. Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the [[Presbyterian Church of England]] in 1876. Some, such as Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and [[Swallow Street]] (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at [[Crown Court Church|Crown Court]], and [[St Columba's Church, London|St Columba's]], Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London. There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is affiliated with the Free Church of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=London City Presbyterian Church |url=https://lcpc.org.uk/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland also have a congregation in London,<ref>{{Cite web |title=London Congregation – Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland |url=https://www.fpchurch.org.uk/location/london-congregation/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.fpchurch.org.uk}}</ref> as do the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster – along with five others in England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster – Churches |url=https://www.freepresbyterian.org/churches/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1972, the [[Presbyterian Church of England]] (PCofE) united with the [[Congregational Church in England and Wales]] to form the [[United Reformed Church]] (URC). Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), [[Aston Tirrold]] (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part of [[Stepney Meeting House]] URC) – these are among the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century. The URC also has a presence in Scotland, mostly of former [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] Churches. Two former Presbyterian congregations, [[Downing Place United Reformed Church, Cambridge#St Columba's Church|St Columba's, Cambridge]] (founded in 1879), and [[St Columba's United Reformed Church, Oxford|St Columba's, Oxford]] (founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the [[Church of Scotland]] in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929), continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the [[Church of Scotland]].

In recent years a number of smaller denominations adopting Presbyterian forms of church government have organised in England, including the [[International Presbyterian Church]] planted by evangelical theologian [[Francis Schaeffer]] of the [[L'Abri|L'Abri Fellowship]] in the 1970s – now with fifteen English-speaking congregations in England, and 6 Korean-speaking congregations. There is also the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales]] founded in the North of England in the late 1980s.