Editing Portland, Oregon (section)

===Ethnicity===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in Portland, Oregon}}
{{See also|History of Chinese Americans in Portland, Oregon|History of Koreans in Portland, Oregon|History of the Japanese in Portland, Oregon|Hispanics and Latinos in Portland, Oregon}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ class="nowrap" | '''<big>Ethnicities</big>'''
! Demographic profile 
!2022<ref name="census.gov">{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Portland city, Oregon|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/portlandcityoregon/PST045222|access-date=September 20, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Portland city, Oregon|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/portlandcityoregon|access-date=September 9, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>!! 2010<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov"/> !! 1990<ref name="census1">{{cite web|title=Oregon – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|access-date=December 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 12, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 1970<ref name="census1"/> !! 1940<ref name="census1"/>
|-
| [[White American|White (Non-Hispanic White)]]
|68.8%|| 68.8% || 76.1% || 84.6% || 92.2% || 98.1%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) 
|10.3%|| 10.3% || 9.4% || 3.2% || 1.7%{{efn|name="fifteen"|From 15% sample}} || —
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] 
|8.5%|| 8.2% || 7.1% || 5.3% || 1.3% || 1.2%
|-
| [[Multiracial Americans|Two or More Races]] 
|8.0%|| 8.0% || 4.7% || — || — || —
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] 
|5.6%|| 5.8% || 6.3% || 7.7% || 5.6% || 0.6%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] and [[Alaska Natives|Alaska Native]] 
|0.9%|| 0.9% || 1.0% || — || — || —
|-
| [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islander Americans|Other Pacific Islander]] 
|0.5%|| 0.5% || 0.5% || — || — || —
|}

[[File:Portland population growth.png|left|thumb|Graph showing the city's population growth from 1850 to 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|publisher=United States Census Bureau|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html|access-date=November 7, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805115133/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html|archive-date=August 5, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

The 2020 census reported the city as 73.8% [[White Americans|White]] (449,025 people), 8.2% [[Asian Americans|Asian]] (52,854), 5.8% Black or African American (38,217), 0.9% Native American (7,335), 0.5% Pacific Islander (3,919), and 5.0% from two or more races (69,898).<ref name=":1" /> 10.3% were Hispanic or Latino, of any race (72,336). Whites not of Hispanic origin made up 68.8% of the total population.<ref name=":1" />

The 2010 census reported the city as 76.1% [[White (U.S. census)|White]] (444,254 people), 7.1% [[Asian American|Asian]] (41,448), 6.3% Black or African American (36,778), 1.0% Native American (5,838), 0.5% Pacific Islander (2,919), 4.7% belonging to two or more racial groups (24,437) and 5.0% from other races (28,987).<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html|title=Portland (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov|access-date=October 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805115133/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html|archive-date=August 5, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> 9.4% were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] or Latino, of any race (54,840). Whites not of Hispanic origin made up 72.2% of the total population.<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov" />

In 1940, Portland's African-American population was approximately 2,000 and largely consisted of railroad employees and their families.<ref name="maccoll">{{Cite book|last=MacColl|first=E. Kimbark|title=The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915–1950|year=1979|publisher=The Georgian Press|location=Portland, Oregon|isbn=978-0-9603408-1-1}}</ref> During the war-time [[Liberty Ship]] construction boom, the need for workers drew many Black people to the city. The new influx of Black people settled in specific neighborhoods, such as the [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]] district and [[Vanport, Oregon|Vanport]]. The May 1948 flood which destroyed Vanport eliminated the only integrated neighborhood, and an influx of blacks into the northeast quadrant of the city continued.<ref name="maccoll" /> Portland's [[longshoremen]] racial mix was described as being "lily-white" in the 1960s when the local [[International Longshore and Warehouse Union]] declined to represent grain handlers since some were black.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levinson|first=Marc|title=The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13640-0|title-link=The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger}} Related sources noted by Levinson: Journal of Negro History 65, no. 1 (1980): 27; Clyde W. Summers, "Admission Policies of Labor Unions", Quarterly Journal of Economics 61, no. 1 (1946): 98; Wilson, Dockers, p. 29. The Portland grain workers' case is mentioned in Charles P. Larrowe, Harry Bridges: The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States (New York, 1972), p. 368. 16. On Portland, see Pilcher, The Portland Longshoremen, p. 17;</ref>

[[File:Ethnic Origins in Portland, OR.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Portland]]

{{Pie chart
 | thumb   = right
 | caption = Racial Makeup of Portland (2022)<ref name="census.gov"/>
 | label1 = White alone
 | value1 = 72.1 | color2=#36A
 | label2 = Black alone
 | value2 = 5.9 | color1=#6A5
 | label3 = Native American alone
 | value3 = 1.0 | color3=#FF33AC
 | label4 = Asian alone
 | value4 = 8.4 | color4=#1A9
 | label5 = Pacific Islander alone
 | value5 = 0.6 | color5=#E17720
 | label6 = Two or more races 
 | value6 = 9.2 | color6=#64ECDF
 | label7 = Hispanic or Latino
 | value7 = 10.3 | color7=#64ECDF
 }}

Over two-thirds of Oregon's African-American residents live in Portland.<ref name="maccoll" /> As of the 2000 census, three of its high schools (Cleveland, Lincoln and Wilson) were over 70% White, reflecting the overall population, while [[Jefferson High School (Portland, Oregon)|Jefferson High School]] was 87% non-White. The remaining six schools have a higher number of non-Whites, including Blacks and Asians. Hispanic students average from 3.3% at Wells to 31% at [[Roosevelt High School (Portland, Oregon)|Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Abernethy Elementary School: Recent Enrollment Trends, 1995–96 through 2002–03|publisher=[[Portland Public Schools (Oregon)|Portland Public Schools]]|author=Management Information Services|url=http://www.pps.k12.or.us/depts/mis/enroll/current/EnrollxSchl95-03.pdf|year=2002|access-date=September 1, 2010|archive-date=March 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307171009/http://www.pps.k12.or.us/depts/mis/enroll/current/EnrollxSchl95-03.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Portland residents identifying solely as Asian Americans account for 7.1% of the population; an additional 1.8% is partially of Asian heritage. [[Vietnamese American]]s make up 2.2% of Portland's population, and make up the largest Asian ethnic group in the city, followed by [[Chinese American|Chinese]] (1.7%), [[Filipino American|Filipinos]] (0.6%), [[Japanese American|Japanese]] (0.5%), [[Korean American|Koreans]] (0.4%), [[Laotian American|Laotians]] (0.4%), [[Hmong American|Hmong]] (0.2%), and [[Cambodian American|Cambodians]] (0.1%).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|title=Community Facts: Portland, Oregon|access-date=November 10, 2015}}</ref> A small population of [[Iu Mien Americans|Iu Mien]] live in Portland. Portland has two Chinatowns, with New Chinatown in the '[[Jade District]]' along SE 82nd Avenue with Chinese supermarkets, Hong Kong style noodle houses, [[dim sum]], and Vietnamese [[phở]] restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swart|first=Cornelius|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2012/01/the_asian_american_community_i.html|title=Asian American community in east Portland's New Chinatown ponders the future|date=January 20, 2012|newspaper=The Oregonian|access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref>

With about 12,000 Vietnamese residing in the city proper, Portland has one of the largest Vietnamese populations in America per capita.<ref>[http://www.vatv.org/VAP.html "Vietnamese population by region: top metropolitan areas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818064844/http://www.vatv.org/VAP.html |date=August 18, 2007 }}. Vietnamese American Population. Retrieved January 7, 2011.</ref> According to statistics, there are over 4,500 [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]]s in Portland, making up 0.7% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/portlandcityoregon|title=QuickFacts|publisher=[[U.S. census]]}}</ref> There is a [[Tongan American|Tongan]] community in Portland, who arrived in the area in the 1970s, and Tongans and Pacific Islanders as a whole are one of the fastest-growing ethnic groups in the Portland area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/portland-oregon-census-tongan-population/%3foutputType=amp|title=Portland's Fastest Ethnic Group Struggles to Be Counted|publisher=[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

Portland's population has been and remains predominantly [[White people|White]]. In 1940, Whites were over 98% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oregon – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|access-date=April 20, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> In 2009, Portland had the fifth-highest percentage of White residents among the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. A 2007 survey of the 40 largest cities in the U.S. concluded Portland's urban core has the highest percentage of White residents.<ref name="bh" /> Some scholars have noted the Pacific Northwest as a whole is "one of the last Caucasian bastions of the United States".<ref name="WilsonE"/> While Portland's diversity was historically comparable to metro Seattle and Salt Lake City, those areas grew more diverse in the late 1990s and 2000s. Portland not only remains White, but migration to Portland is disproportionately White.<ref name="bh">{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/01/in_a_changing_world_portland_r.html|title=In a changing world, Portland remains overwhelmingly White|last=Hammond|first=Betsy|date=September 30, 2009|work=The Oregonian|access-date=March 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="npr">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/16/133748144/history-hinders-diversification-of-portland-ore|title=History Hinders Diversification of Portland, Oregon : NPR|last=Templeton|first=Amelia|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=March 11, 2011}}</ref>

The Oregon Territory banned African American settlement in 1849. In the 19th century, certain laws allowed the immigration of Chinese laborers but prohibited them from owning property or bringing their families.<ref name="bh" /><ref name="insiders" /><ref name="frazier" /> The early 1920s saw the rapid growth of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], which became very influential in Oregon politics, culminating in the election of [[Walter M. Pierce]] as governor.<ref name="insiders">{{cite book|last=Dresbeck|first=Rachel|title=Insiders' Guide to Portland, Oregon|date=March 2011|edition=7th|isbn=978-0-7627-6475-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/insidersguidetop07eddres/page/36 36]|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|url=https://archive.org/details/insidersguidetop07eddres/page/36}}</ref><ref name="frazier">{{cite book|last1=Frazier|first1=John W.|last2=Tettey-Fio|first2=Eugene L.|title=Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America|publisher=Global Academic Publishing|isbn=978-1-58684-264-2|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="Levitas2002">{{cite book|last=Levitas|first=Daniel|title=The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right|year=2002|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-29105-1|url=https://archive.org/details/terroristnextdoo00levi}}</ref>

The largest influxes of minority populations occurred during World War II, as the African American population grew by a factor of 10 for wartime work.<ref name="bh" /> After World War II, the [[Vanport City, Oregon|Vanport flood]] in 1948 displaced many African Americans. As they resettled, [[redlining]] directed the displaced workers from the wartime settlement to neighboring [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]].<ref name="WilsonE">{{Cite book|title=Diversity and U.S. Foreign Policy: A Reader|last=Wilson|first=Ernest J|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1135956998|page=55|chapter=page 55|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOGSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55}}</ref><ref name="frazier" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Laura O.|title=Portland Hill Walks: Twenty Explorations in Parks and Neighborhoods|publisher=Timber Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-88192-692-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/portlandhillwalk0000fost/page/239 239]|date=March 22, 2005|url=https://archive.org/details/portlandhillwalk0000fost/page/239}}</ref> There and elsewhere in Portland, they experienced police hostility, lack of employment, and [[mortgage discrimination]], leading to half the black population leaving after the war.<ref name="bh" />

In the 1980s and 1990s, radical skinhead groups flourished in Portland.<ref name="frazier" /> In 1988, [[Mulugeta Seraw]], an Ethiopian immigrant, was killed by three skinheads. The response to his murder involved a community-driven series of rallies, campaigns, nonprofits and events designed to address Portland's racial history, leading to a city considered significantly more tolerant than in 1988 at Seraw's death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Our Homegrown Hitlers|last=Baker|first=Jeff|date=August 31, 2003|work=The Oregonian}}</ref>

Portland has a substantial [[Romani people|Roma]] population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijpr.org/show/as-it-was/2019-02-18/as-it-was-roma-also-known-as-gypsies-reach-oregon-in-1890s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201148/https://www.ijpr.org/show/as-it-was/2019-02-18/as-it-was-roma-also-known-as-gypsies-reach-oregon-in-1890s|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 24, 2021|title=As It Was: Roma, Also Known as Gypsies, Reach Oregon in 1890s|website=Jefferson Public Radio}}</ref>

76% of Latinos in Portland are of [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latinos in Portland|url=https://www.portlandonline.com/portlandplan/index.cfm?a=297947&c=52639|website=The Portland Plan}}</ref>

Italians and Russian Jews had a very visible presence in Portland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/commerce-climate-and-community-a-history-of-portland-and-its-people/the-mature-distribution-center/ethnic-diversity-in-the-city/|title=Commerce, Climate, and Community: A History of Portland and its People}}</ref>