Editing Pope Julius II (section)

==Legacy==

[[File:Brasão do Papa Júlio II na Capela Sistina.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Coat of arms of Julius II in the Sistine Chapel]]

===Patronage of the arts===

{{main|Art patronage of Julius II}}

In 1484 Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere had begun negotiations to persuade [[Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua|Marquis Francesco Gonzaga]] of Mantua to allow [[Andrea Mantegna]] to come to Rome, which finally bore fruit in 1488; Mantegna was given the commission to decorate the chapel of the Belvedere for [[Pope Innocent VIII]], on which he spent two years.<ref>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=V, p. 326}}. The chapel was destroyed under Pius VI to make way for the Braccio Nuovo.</ref>

Beyond Julius II's political and military achievements, he enjoys a title to honor in his patronage of art, architecture, and literature.<ref name="Baldwin">{{cite web
| last = Baldwin| first = Robert| title = Papal Politics and Raphael's Stanza Della Segnatura as Papal Golden Age| website = Social History of Art, by Robert Baldwin |date=2010 | url = http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ARTH206-3.4.4-Baldwin-Raphael’s-Stanza-della-Segnatura-and-Papal-Politics.pdf}}</ref> He did much to improve and beautify the city.

Early in his papacy, Julius decided to revive the plan for replacing the dilapidated [[Old St. Peter's Basilica|Constantinian basilica of St. Peter's]]. The idea was not his, but originally that of [[Pope Nicholas V]], who had commissioned designs from [[Bernardo Rossellino]]. Other more pressing problems distracted the attention of Nicholas and subsequent popes, but Julius was not the sort of person to be distracted once he had settled on an idea, in this case, for the greatest building on earth, for the glory of Saint Peter and himself. In the competition for a building plan, the design of Rossellino was immediately rejected as being out of date. A second design was submitted by [[Giuliano da Sangallo]], an old friend of Julius, who had worked on several projects for him before, including the palazzo at S. Pietro in Vincoli, and who had left Rome with Julius when he fled the wrath of Alexander VI in 1495. Through Cardinal della Rovere, Sangallo had presented Charles VIII a plan for a palace, and in 1496 he had made a tour of the architectural monuments of Provence,<ref>Eugène Müntz, "Giuliano da San Gallo et Les monuments antiques du midi de la France au XV<sup>e</sup> siècle," in: {{cite book|title=Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZhnPdnGftYC|volume=45 |date=1884 |publisher=C. Klincksieck|location=Paris|language=fr|pages=188–199}}</ref> returning to his native Florence in 1497.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gustave Clausse|title=Les San Gallo: Giuliano et Antonio (l'ancien)|url=https://archive.org/details/lessangalloarch02claugoog |date=1900 |publisher=E. Leroux|location=Paris|language=fr|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lessangalloarch02claugoog/page/n270 199]–206}}</ref> His proposals for S. Peter's, however, were not accepted despite what he believed to be a promise, and he retired in anger to Florence.<ref>James Lees-Milne, ''Saint Peter's'' (Boston: Little Brown 1967), pp. 135–139.</ref>

On 18 April 1506 Pope Julius II laid the foundation stone of the new St. Peter's Basilica for the successful architect, [[Donato Bramante]]. However, he also began the demolition of the old St. Peter's Basilica, which had stood for more than 1,100 years. He was a friend and patron of Bramante and [[Raphael]], and a patron of [[Michelangelo]]. Several of Michelangelo's greatest works (including the painting of the ceiling of the [[Sistine Chapel]]) were commissioned by Julius. In the framework of Rome's urban renewal (''Renovatio Romae''), the pope commissioned to Bramante the creation of two new straight streets respectively on the left and right bank of the Tiber: the [[Via Giulia]] and the [[Via della Lungara]].{{sfn|Bruschi|1971|}}

=== Character ===
[[File:File by Alexander Baranov - Защита проекта (9520004635).jpg|thumb|Julius commissioning works from [[Bramante]] and [[Raphael]], by [[Alexander Baranov (painter)|Alexander Baranov]], [[Louvre]], 1827]]
Long before he became Pope, Julius had a violent temper. He often treated subordinates and people who worked for him very badly. His manner was gruff and coarse, just as his peasant-like sense of humour. Others suggest that Julius had little sense of humor. [[Ludwig von Pastor]] wrote, "Paris de Grassis, his Master of Ceremonies, who has handed on to us so many characteristic features of his master's life, says that he hardly ever jested. He was generally absorbed in deep and silent thought."<ref>{{harvnb|Pastor|1902|loc=VI, p. 216}}.<br>{{harvnb|Grassi|1886|p=216}}. But see {{harvnb|Döllinger|1882|p=418}}, for other references by de Grassis to Julius' joking humor.</ref>

To most historians Julius was manly and virile, an energetic man of action, whose courage saved the Papacy.<ref>Mark J Zucker, Raphael and the Beard of Pope Julius II, pp. 525–527</ref> There was a sense that war caused him serious illness, exhaustion, and fatigue, that most other popes would have been unlikely to have endured. To many Julius II has been described as the best in an era of exceptionally bad popes: Alexander VI was widely perceived as evil and despotic, exposing the future Julius II to a number of assassination attempts that required tremendous fortitude.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

====Physical appearance====
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
Julius II is usually depicted with a beard, after his appearance in the celebrated [[Portrait of Pope Julius II|portrait]] by [[Raphael]], the artist whom he first met in 1509. However, the pope only wore his beard from 27 June 1511 to March 1512, as a sign of mourning at the loss of the city of [[Bologna]] by the [[Papal States]]. He was nevertheless the first pope since antiquity to grow facial hair, a practice otherwise forbidden by [[canon law]] since the 13th century. The pope's hirsute chin may have raised severe, even vulgar criticism, as at one Bologna banquet held in 1510 at which papal legate Marco Cornaro was present. In overturning the ban on beards Pope Julius challenged Gregorian conventional wisdom in dangerous times. Julius shaved his beard again before his death, and his immediate successors were clean-shaven; nonetheless [[Pope Clement VII]] sported a beard when mourning the [[sack of Rome (1527)|sack of Rome]]. Thenceforward, all popes were bearded until the death of [[Pope Innocent XII]] in 1700.

The frescoes on the ceiling of Stanza d'Eliodoro in the stanze of Raphael depict the traumatic events in 1510–11 when the Papacy regained its freedom. Although Raphael's original was lost, it was thought to relate closely to the personal iconography of Stanza della Segnatura, commissioned by Pope Julius himself. The Lateran Council that formed the Holy League marked a high point in his personal success. Saved by an allegory to the Expulsion of Heliodorus, the French gone, Julius collapsed once again in late 1512, very seriously ill once more.

====Personal relationships and sexuality====
[[File:Estancia de Heliodoro (Misa de Bolsena), detail.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|Julius II's daughter, [[Felice della Rovere]] ''(in black)'', by [[Raphael]] in ''[[The Mass at Bolsena]]'']]

Julius was not the first pope to have fathered children before being elevated to high office, and had a daughter born to [[Lucrezia Normanni]] in 1483 – after he had been made a cardinal.{{efn| Until the 20th century, a Cardinal did not have to be in major Holy Orders (Bishop, Priest, Deacon{{snd}}which involved the vow of celibacy), unless he hoped to vote in a papal conclave. Even then, he could be dispensed.}}{{sfn|Pastore|2001|}} [[Felice della Rovere]] survived into adulthood.{{efn|[[Pompeo Litta Biumi|Pompeo Litta]] mistakenly attributed Felice's two daughters, Giulia and Clarice, to him as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Litta Biumi |first=Pompeo |author-link=Pompeo Litta Biumi |title=Famiglie celebri italiane |location=Milano |publisher=Luciano Basadonna Editore |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&collapsing=disabled&rk=21459;2&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb41249636m%22 |language=it}}</ref>}} Shortly after Felice was born, Julius arranged for Lucrezia to marry Bernardino de Cupis, Chamberlain to Julius's cousin, Cardinal [[Girolamo Basso della Rovere]].{{sfn|Murphy|2005|loc=pp. ii–iii}} Despite producing an illegitimate daughter (and having at least one mistress), it was suggested that Julius may have had [[homosexual]] lovers – although it is not possible to establish this claim. His confrontational style inevitably created enemies and [[sodomy]] was the "common currency of insult and innuendo".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book | first = Christine | last = Ward | title= Julius II: Warrior Pope | publisher = Crux Publishing |date=2015 }}</ref> Such accusations were made to discredit him, but perhaps in so doing his accusers were exploiting a generally "perceived weakness".{{sfn|Aldrich|Wotherspoon|2003|p=233}}

The Venetians, who were implacably opposed to the pope's new military policy, were among the most vociferous opponents; notable among them was the diarist [[Girolamo Priuli (1476–1547)|Girolamo Priuli]].{{sfn|Priuli|1938}}{{Page needed|date=March 2018}} [[Erasmus]] also implied sexual misconduct in his 1514 dialogue ''[[Julius Excluded from Heaven]]''; a theme picked up in the denunciation made at the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran|conciliabulum of Pisa]].<ref>{{cite book | editor-first =Jan Sperna | editor-last = Weil | editor-first2= W Th M. | editor-last2 = Frijhoff | title = Erasmus of Rotterdam: The Man and the Scholar| volume = 9–11 |date=1986 | page=47}}</ref> Criticism was furthermore made of the sinister influence exerted by his advisor, [[Francesco Alidosi]], whom Julius had made a cardinal in 1505. However, it is likely that the closeness was down to the fact that he simply knew how to handle him well.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book | first = Christine | last = Ward | title= Julius II: Warrior Pope | publisher = Crux Publishing |date=2015 }}</ref> This sexual reputation survived Julius, and the accusation continued to be made without reservation by Protestant opponents in their polemics against "papism" and Catholic decadence.<ref>{{cite book | first = Anthony | last = Majanlahti | title = The families who made Rome | asin= B00NPNL7JC |date=2006 }}</ref> The French writer [[Philippe de Mornay]] (1549–1623) accused all Italians of being sodomites, but added specifically: "This horror is ascribed to good Julius."<ref>{{ cite book | first =P. | last = De Morney | title = Le Mystere d'iniquite, c'est a dire, l'histoire de la papaute | language = fr |date=1612 }}</ref>

===Depiction===
* Julius features prominently in ''[[The Prince]]'' of [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] (1532), both as an enemy of leading protagonist [[Cesare Borgia]], and as an example of an ecclesiastical prince who consolidates authority and wisely follows ''Fortuna''.
* [[Barbara Tuchman]], in her book ''The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam'', offers a narrative of Julius II's career.<ref name=Tuchman1984>{{cite book |last=Tuchman |first=Barbara W. |date=1984 |title=The March of Folly |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0394527772 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5YlBtzklvQC}}</ref> Her overall assessment of Julius is strongly negative,{{Where|date=March 2012}} and she attributes the [[Protestant Reformation]] to his and other Renaissance popes' abuses.{{r|Tuchman1984}}
* In the 1965 film ''[[The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)|The Agony and the Ecstasy]]'' about the life of Michelangelo, Julius is portrayed as a soldier-pope (though without facial hair) by [[Rex Harrison]]. The film is a dramatization based upon [[The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)|the 1961 book of the same name]] by [[Irving Stone]].
* Della Rovere was portrayed by [[Alfred Burke]] in the 1981 BBC series ''[[The Borgias (1981 TV series)|The Borgias]]'', by [[Colm Feore]] in [[Neil Jordan]]'s 2011 series ''[[The Borgias (2011 TV series)|The Borgias]]'', and by [[Dejan Čukić]] in [[Tom Fontana]]'s 2011 series, ''[[Borgia (TV series)|Borgia]]''.
* On 30 November 2003, Cardinal [[Angelo Sodano]], then [[Secretary of State of the Holy See]], presided in a Eucharistic concelebration commemorating the fifth centenary of the election of Pope Julius II in the Cathedral [[Basilica]] of [[Savona]]. In his sermon<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/2003/documents/rc_seg-st_20031130_sodano-savona_en.html Sermon Cardinal Sodano on the pontificate of Pope Julius II], the Vatican, 30 November 2003.</ref> he explained that [[Pope John Paul II]], to pay homage to his great predecessor, had sent him (Sodano) as his Legate. Admitting that it is difficult to understand the methods of government of that time, Sodano stressed that the work of the [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]] should be seen in its proper context. Praising Julius for entrusting the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in its present form to the genius of Bramante in 1505, he said it is certain that Julius liked to think big and wanted the Church of Rome to shine before the world with a visible beauty too. The Cardinal stated, "How can we fail to think of him when we contemplate the grandeur of St. Peter's Basilica?" and "How can we forget that it was he who created in 1506 the [[Swiss Guard]] Corps, with the characteristic uniform that we still admire today?" The Cardinal called Pope Julius II "a Pope who strove to serve the Church and to sacrifice himself for her until the Lord called him at the age of 72".