Editing Politics of Saudi Arabia (section)

==Political reform==
In March 1992, [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]] issued several decrees outlining the basic statutes of government and codifying royal succession for the first time. The King's political reform program also provided for the establishment of a national [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Consultative Council]], with appointed members having advisory powers to review and give advice on issues of public interest. It also outlined a framework for councils at the provincial or emirate level.

In September 1993, King Fahd issued additional reform decrees, appointing the members of the National Consultative Council and spelling out procedures for the new council's operations. He announced reforms to the Council of Ministers, including term limitations of 4 years and regulations to prohibit conflict of interest for ministers and other high-level officials. The members of 13 provincial councils and the councils' operating regulations were also announced.

The membership of the Consultative Council was expanded from 60 to 90 members in July 1997, to 120 in May 2001, and to 150 members in 2005. Membership has changed significantly during each expansion of the council, as many members have not been reappointed. The role of the council is gradually expanding as it gains experience.

[[Saudi Arabia municipal elections, 2005|Saudi municipal elections]] took place in 2005 and some journalists saw this as a first tentative step towards the introduction of [[democratic process]]es in the Kingdom, including the legalization of political parties. Other analysts of the Saudi political scene were more skeptical.<ref>'Islamist win' in key Saudi poll, BBC News, 11 February 2005, {{cite web | title='Islamist win' in key Saudi poll | website=BBC News | date=2005-02-11 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4252079.stm | access-date=2021-09-26 | archive-date=4 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904063732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4252079.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Islamist candidates, often businessmen, did well, but in practice had little real power.<ref>Aarts & Nonneman, op. cit., pp. 449-453.</ref> In 2009, promised new elections and hopes for female suffrage in them were postponed for at least two years.<ref>Carnegie An endowment, Arab Reform Bulletin, May 2009, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/arb/?fa=show&article=23151 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607134507/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/arb/?fa=show&article=23151 |date=7 June 2011 }} Accessed 8 June 2009</ref>

On 15 February 2009, in a reshuffle [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]] removed [[Sheikh Ibrahim Bin Abdullah Al-Ghaith]] from his position as President of the [[Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice]]. He also removed [[Saleh Al-Luhaidan|Sheikh Saleh al-Luhaidan]] as head of the Supreme Judicial Council and appointed the first female minister.<ref>{{cite news |author=Saudi Gazette |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009021629410 |title=Govt shake-up hailed as a bold step |newspaper=Saudi Gazette |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218144224/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009021629410 |archive-date=18 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/110/article_2897.asp |title=RFI – Religious hard-liners take a hit in King's reshuffle |publisher=Rfi.fr |access-date=20 October 2012 |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220732/http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/110/article_2897.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7890211.stm | work=BBC News | title=Major reshuffle in Saudi Arabia | date=14 February 2009 | access-date=16 February 2009 | archive-date=14 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914222002/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7890211.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

In his first act as King, [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman]] removed [[Khaled al-Tuwaijri]], Abdullah's ''de facto'' Prime Minister and ''[[éminence grise]]'', replacing him with [[Mohammed bin Nayef]].