Editing Political prisoner (section)

===Individuals===
[[File:Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton at home of Aung San Suu Kyi.jpg|thumb|[[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] and her staff at her home in Yangon]]

Due to the lack of a single, internationally recognized legal definition of a political prisoner, nongovernmental organizations like Amnesty International, aided by legal scholars, determine whether prisoners meet their criteria of political prisoners on a case-by-case basis.<ref name=":2" />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Álvaro Cunhal|Alváro Barreirinhas Cunhal]], former pro-Soviet leader of the [[Portuguese Communist Party]], he was imprisoned thrice (first in June 1937, then in 1940 and later from 1949 to 1960) for his staunch opposition to [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portuguese dictatorship]] and for his political beliefs as well as his close ties to Soviet Russia. He famously escaped [[Peniche Fortress]], one of the regime's political prisons, with ten other men on the third of January 1960.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunha |first=Adelino |title=Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal E Íntimo |publisher=Desassossego |year=2020 |isbn=9789898892706 |language=Portuguese}}</ref>
* [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] led the opposition [[National League for Democracy]] which was victorious in the [[1990 Myanmar general election|1990 general election]]. She was imprisoned or under house arrest for 15 out of the 21 years from 1990 to 2010.<ref name="time10">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2024558,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012221344/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2024558,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2010|title=Top 10 Political Prisoners|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|date=15 August 2010|access-date=1 January 2011|quote=Full List FREEDOM FIGHTERS: Aung San Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela, Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Andrei Sakharov, Vaclav Havel, Akbar Ganji, Benigno Aquino Jr., Ho Chi Minh}}</ref> In 2021, she was imprisoned by the [[Tatmadaw|Myanmar military]] in a [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|coup d'état]]. As of August 2022, she is being held in solitary confinement serving a 17-year sentence following a series of secret trials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Heather |last2=Diamond |first2=Cape |title=Former Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi sentenced to 6 more years in prison |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/15/asia/myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-prison-junta-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=30 August 2022 |agency=CNN |date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ninoy Aquino]] of the [[Philippines]] was imprisoned during the martial law in the Philippines because of his vocal opposition against then President [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. 
* [[Benazir Bhutto]] was a political prisoner for four years under [[General Zia ul Haq]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan|author=Weaver, Mary Anne|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=2003|page=73|quote=Benazir Bhutto... was under house arrest at the time of her father's death; Zia made her a political prisoner for four years}}</ref>[[File:Ilya Yashin in a paddy wagon 2021-03-13.jpg|thumb|Russian opposition politician [[Ilya Yashin]] was sentenced to eight-and-a-half years in prison under Russia's [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws|war censorship laws]] for his [[Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine|anti-war]] statements in 2022.]]
* [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] was a German pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident, accused of being associated with the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
* [[Rubin Carter|Rubin "Hurricane" Carter]], African American boxer wrongfully imprisoned for 19 years in the US due to "an appeal to racism rather than reason".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/sports/2014/04/boxer_rubin_hurricane_carter_dies.html|title='Hurricane' Carter, boxer and NJ native, dies at 76|last=D'Alessandro|first=Dave|date=20 April 2014|website=nj.com|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/21/sports/rubin-hurricane-carter-fearsome-boxer-dies-at-76.html|title=Rubin (Hurricane) Carter, Boxer Found Wrongly Convicted, Dies at 76|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|date=20 April 2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 May 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Eugene V. Debs]], leader of the [[Socialist Party of the United States]], was imprisoned by the US government for his opposition to the First World War.
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was imprisoned numerous times by the British both in South Africa and India.
* [[Emma Goldman]] was imprisoned for two years and then deported by the US government for her opposition to the First World War.<ref name="Gornick2011">{{cite book|author=Vivian Gornick|title=Emma Goldman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfVB7x6i5toC|year=2011|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-17761-9}}</ref>
* [[Antonio Gramsci]] was a leftist Italian writer, and political activist who was jailed and spent 8 years in prison. He was released conditionally due to his health situation and died shortly after.<ref>{{cite book|title=Antonio Gramsci: Architect of a New Politics|author=Germino, Dante L.|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|year=1990|page=23|quote=Gramsci carried with him from his Sardinian upbringing two qualities that were to enable him to stand... his long years as a political prisoner in Benito Mussolini's Italy}}</ref>
* [[Palden Gyatso]], a Tibetan Buddhist monk arrested during the [[annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]] for protesting, spent 33 years in Chinese prisons and labor camps where he was extensively tortured, serving the longest term of any Tibetan political prisoner.
* [[Anwar Ibrahim]], a Malaysian opposition party leader, was imprisoned twice because of a [[Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials|sodomy case]].
* [[Kim Dae-jung]] served one term (1976–1979) and in 1980 was exiled to the United States, but returned in 1985 and became President of [[South Korea]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57H0LO20090818|title=Former South Korean leader Kim Dae-jung dies|first=Jack|last=Kim|date=18 August 2009|access-date=1 January 2011|work=Reuters|location=[[Seoul]]|quote=The former political prisoner, once sentenced to death under one of the country's early military rulers whom he relentlessly opposed, was elected South Korea's president in December 1997 on his fourth attempt.}}</ref>
* [[Liliʻuokalani]], Queen of [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaiʻi]] was placed under house arrest at [[ʻIolani Palace]] during the United States-backed [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]]. Then, once Hawaiʻi was [[Newlands Resolution|annexed]] as a [[Territory of Hawaii|territory]], she was moved to [[Washington Place]].
* [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] was imprisoned several times, most notoriously in Birmingham, Alabama.<ref name=":2" />[[File:Loujain Alhathloul.jpg|thumb|upright|Saudi [[Women's rights in Saudi Arabia|women's rights]] activist and political prisoner [[Loujain al-Hathloul]]]]
* According to [[Amnesty International]], [[Leopoldo López]], a Venezuelan opposition leader, has been a prisoner of conscience.<ref name="AIlopezPRISONER">{{cite press release|title=Faces of Impunity: Leopoldo López|url=http://amnistiaonline.org/Venezuela/Leopoldo_Lopez/|website=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[John Maclean (Scottish socialist)|John Maclean]] was imprisoned by the British government for his opposition to the First World War.
* [[Heinrich Maier]] was a Roman Catholic priest and leader of one of the most important resistance groups against Nazi Germany.
* [[Nelson Mandela]] was imprisoned from 1963 until 1990 in [[South Africa]] due to his anti-[[apartheid]] activism and organizing attacks on several government targets. He later became the [[President of South Africa]] between 1994 and 1999.<ref name=":2" /><!--Note:Url included for verifiability, because online preview does not give page numbers-->
* [[Thomas Mapfumo]] was imprisoned without charges in 1979 by the [[Rhodesia]]n government in what is now [[Zimbabwe]] for his Shona-language music calling for revolution.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Struggle Continues|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|quote=The chimurenga of Thomas Mapfumo has made him both a pop star and political prisoner in Zimbabwe|date=February 1990|volume=5|number=11}}</ref>
* [[Carlos Menem]], a former Argentine president who was a political prisoner under the [[National Reorganization Process]].
* [[Antonio Nariño]] (1765–1823) was a Colombian who translated the Declaration des Droits de L'Homme et du Citoyen into Spanish and faced multiple terms in prison under charges of translating censored material.
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], political activist, statesman, and first [[Prime Minister of India]] (1948–1963) was imprisoned several times for his nationalist activism against the [[British Raj]], serving a total of over 9 years in incarceration.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru, "Jawaharlal Nehru Biography" Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref>[[File:Sakharov Prize daughter of 2019 laureate Ilham Tohti receives prize on his behalf (49238839806).jpg|thumb|The daughter of [[Ilham Tohti]], an advocate for China's [[Uyghurs|Uyghur minority]] who is currently serving a life sentence in China, accepted the 2019 [[Sakharov Prize]] for Freedom of Thought on behalf of her imprisoned father.]]
* [[Dilma Rousseff]], a former Brazilian president, was imprisoned by the right-wing military government between 1970 and 1973.
* [[Bertrand Russell]] was imprisoned by the British government for six months for opposing the First World War.<ref name="Pacifist">{{cite book|title=Bertrand Russell and the Pacifists in the First World War|last=Vellacott|first=Jo|isbn=0-85527-454-9|publisher=Harvester Press|location=Brighton|year=1980}}</ref>
* [[Mikis Theodorakis]], a composer and lyricist, was imprisoned several times by Greek governments during the years 1947–1970.
* [[Leonora Christina Ulfeldt]] was imprisoned in [[solitary confinement]] in a royal dungeon for twenty-one years as the wife and later widow of Count [[Corfitz Ulfeldt]].
* [[Ai Weiwei]], is a Chinese artist and political dissident from the People's Republic of China.
* [[Liu Xiaobo]] a Chinese pro-democracy activist, was imprisoned multiple times (from the late 1980s to prior to his death in 2017) in China by the Chinese government.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 July 2017|title=Liu Xiaobo, China's most famous political prisoner, 'close to death'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/liu-xiaobo-china-political-prisoner-close-to-death-friends-say|access-date=9 July 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* [[Hossein Rajabian]] is an Iranian filmmaker, writer and photographer who was imprisoned for 3 years as a political prisoner between 2015 and 2018 on charges related to his filmmaking in [[Evin Prison|Evin prison]] in Iran.
* [[Ales Bialiatski]] is a Belarusian pro-democracy activist and prisoner of conscience known for his work with the [[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]. Bialiatski has been imprisoned twice; firstly from 2011 to 2014, and currently since 2021, on both occasions on charges of tax evasion. Bialiatski, as well as other human rights activists, have called the charges politically motivated. In 2022, Bialiatski was awarded the 2022 [[Nobel Peace Prize]], along with the organisations [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]] and [[Center for Civil Liberties (Ukrainian civil society organization)|Centre for Civil Liberties]].
* [[File:Dmitry Ivanov in the court.jpg|thumb|[[Dmitry Alexandrovich Ivanov|Dmitry Ivanov]] was sentenced to 8,5 years in prison under Russia's the [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws|fake news law]] in 2022. [[Amnesty International]] has recognized Ivanov as a "prisoner of conscience", and the [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]] Society has listed him among political prisoners in Russia.]][[Marat Zhylanbayev]] is a Kazakhstani athlete and activist who protested [[Kazakhstan]]'s human rights violations outside the [[Kazakhstan–European Union relations|European Union's delegation to Kazakhstan]]; he was sentenced to seven years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Kazakhstan: Government Critic on Trial for 'Extremism' {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/08/kazakhstan-government-critic-trial-extremism |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en}}</ref>