Editing Pine (section)

== Uses ==

[[File:John Deere 2054 DHSP forestry swing machine, Kaibab National Forest 1.jpg|thumb|Logging ''[[Pinus ponderosa]]'', [[Arizona]], United States]]

=== Timber and construction ===

Pines are among the most commercially important tree species, valued for their timber and [[Pulp (paper)|wood pulp]] throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timberframehq.com/timber-framing-101/timber-species/ |title=Choosing a Timber Species - Timber Frame HQ |work=Timber Frame HQ |access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf |title=Trees for pulp |website=Paper.org |access-date=2018-01-04 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118044645/http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> 
In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing [[softwood]]s that grow in relatively dense stands. Commercial pines are grown in [[plantation]]s for timber that is denser and therefore more durable than spruce (''Picea''). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, panelling, floors, and roofing due to its abundance and low-cost.<ref>Wiemann, M. C. (2010). Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Woods. In ''Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material'' (pp. 2-2-2–45). Chapter, Forest Products Laboratory; For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/37440</ref>[[Turpentine]] is extracted from the wood of some species of pine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turpentine Production and Processing |url=https://www.nzic.org.nz/unsecure_files/book/4F.pdf |publisher=New Zealand Institute of Chemistry |access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref>

As pine wood has no insect- or decay-resistant qualities after logging, in its untreated state it is generally recommended for indoor construction purposes only (indoor [[drywall]] framing, for example). It is commonly used in [[Canadian Lumber Standard]] graded wood.<ref name="Homebuilding">{{cite web | last=Jenkins | first=Steve | title=What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for? | website=Homebuilding & Renovating | date=2023-09-03 | url=https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/what-is-cls-timber | access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> For outside use, pine needs to be treated with copper azole, [[chromated copper arsenate]] or other suitable [[Wood preservation#Chemical preservatives|chemical preservative]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Timber treatment |url=https://www.weathertight.org.nz/new-buildings/timber-treatment/#h3-3 |publisher=weathertight.org.nz |access-date=18 May 2019 |date=2010-10-18 }}</ref>

===Ornamental uses===

[[File:&#039;Pine Clouds&#039;, 1903 painting by Wu Ku-hsiang.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|"Pine Clouds", 1903 painting on fan by Wu Ku-hsiang]]

Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for [[park]]s and larger [[garden]]s with a variety of dwarf [[cultivar]]s being suitable for smaller spaces. There are currently 818 named [[cultivar]]s (or [[trinomial nomenclature|trinomials]]) recognised by the [[American Conifer Society]] ACS.<ref name=":2" /> Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for [[Christmas tree]]s. Pine cones, among the largest and most durable of all conifer cones, are craft favourites. Pine boughs, appreciated especially in wintertime for their pleasant smell and greenery, are popularly cut for decorations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.homedit.com/5-ways-to-decorate-with-pine-boughs/ |title=5 Ways to Decorate with Pine Boughs |date=2012-12-04 |work=Home Decorating Trends - Homedit |access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> Pine needles are also used for making decorative articles such as baskets, trays, pots, etc., and during the [[American Civil War|U.S. Civil War]], the needles of the [[Pinus palustris|longleaf pine]] "Georgia pine" were widely employed in this.<ref>{{cite book |last=McAfee |first=M.J. |title=The pine-needle basket book |url=https://archive.org/details/pineneedlebasket00mcaf |date=1911 |publisher=Pine-Needle Publishing}}</ref> This originally Native American skill is now being replicated across the world. Pine needle handicrafts are made in the US, Canada, Mexico, Nicaragua, and India. Pine needles are also versatile and have been used by Latvian designer Tamara Orjola to create different [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]] products including paper, furniture, textiles and dye.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/why-materials-matter-design-innovation/index.html |title=5 radical material innovations that will shape tomorrow |last=Solanki |first=Seetal |date=2018-12-17 |website=CNN Style |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref>

===Forestry===

When grown for [[sawlog]]s, pine plantations can be harvested after 25 years, with some stands being allowed to grow up to 50 or more years (the wood value increases more quickly as the trees age). In colder and drier climates, growth is slower, and harvesting can be at much older ages. Imperfect trees (such as those with bent trunks or forks, smaller trees, or diseased trees) are removed in a "thinning" operation every 5–10 years. Thinning allows the best trees to grow faster, because it prevents weaker trees from competing for sunlight, water, and nutrients. Young trees removed during thinning are used for pulpwood or are left in the forest, while most older ones are good enough for saw timber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forestrycorporation.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/238473/pine-plantation-rotation.pdf |title=The Pine Plantation Rotation |publisher=Forests NSW |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308115907/http://www.forestrycorporation.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/238473/pine-plantation-rotation.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-08 }}</ref>

A 30-year-old commercial pine tree grown in good conditions in [[Arkansas]] will be about {{convert|0.3|m|ft|1|abbr=on|frac=2}} in diameter and about {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} high. After 50 years, the same tree will be about {{convert |0.5 |m |ft |abbr=on |frac=2}} in diameter and {{convert |25 |m |ft |abbr=on}} high, and its wood will be worth about seven times as much as the 30-year-old tree.
This however depends on the region, species and silvicultural techniques. In New Zealand, a plantation's maximum value is reached after around 28 years with height being as high as {{convert |30 |m |ft |abbr=on}} and diameter {{convert |0.5 |m |ft |abbr=on |frac=2}}, with maximum wood production after around 35 years (again depending on factors such as site, stocking and genetics). Trees are normally planted 3–4 m apart, or about 1,000 per hectare (100,000 per square kilometre).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forestry.arkansas.gov/directorysearches/documents/thinning_to_improve.pdf |author=Frank A. Roth II, Extension Forester |title=Thinning to improve pine timber |publisher=University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture |access-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009062000/http://forestry.arkansas.gov/directorysearches/documents/thinning_to_improve.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Farm Forestry - Radiata pine silviculture in Chile |url=https://www.nzffa.org.nz/farm-forestry-model/resource-centre/tree-grower-articles/may-2010/radiata-pine-silviculture-in-chile/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=www.nzffa.org.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Farm Forestry - NZFFA guide sheet No. 1: An Introduction to Growing Radiata Pine |url=https://www.nzffa.org.nz/farm-forestry-model/resource-centre/information-leaflets/nzffa-guide-sheets-2007/nzffa-guide-sheet-no-1/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=www.nzffa.org.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manley |first=Bruce |date=2020-07-01 |title=Impact on profitability, risk, optimum rotation age and afforestation of changing the New Zealand emissions trading scheme to an averaging approach |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138993411930677X |journal=Forest Policy and Economics |volume=116 |pages=102205 |doi=10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102205 |bibcode=2020ForPE.11602205M |s2cid=219518345 |issn=1389-9341}}</ref>

===Food and nutrients===

The seeds ([[pine nuts]]) are generally edible; the young male cones can be cooked and eaten, as can the bark of young twigs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=78 |oclc=277203364 |access-date=2022-06-20 |archive-date=2022-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922095843/http://worldcat.org/title/277203364 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some species have large pine nuts, which are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. They are an ingredient of ''[[pesto]] alla genovese''.<ref name="CMPM">{{cite web |publisher=Campionato Mondiale Pesto al Mortaio |title=Pesto's official recipe|url=https://www.pestochampionship.it/championships-recipe/?lang=en |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516204546/https://www.pestochampionship.it/championships-recipe/?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The soft, moist, white inner bark ([[vascular cambium|cambium]]) beneath the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[vitamin C|C]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pinus / pine {{!}} Conifer Genus |url=https://conifersociety.org/conifers/pinus/ |website=American Conifer Society |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as an [[ersatz]] flour or thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as [[bark bread]].<ref name="Angier 1974">{{Cite book |last=Angier |first=Bradford |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/166/mode/2up |title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1974 |isbn=0-8117-0616-8 |location=Harrisburg, PA |pages=166–167 |oclc=799792 |author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> Adirondack Indians got their name from the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk Indian]] word ''atirú:taks'', meaning "tree eaters".<ref name="Angier 1974" />

A [[tea]] is made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as ''tallstrunt'' in Sweden).<ref name="Angier 1974" /> In eastern Asia, pine and other conifers are accepted among consumers as a beverage product, and used in teas, as well as wine.<ref name="pmid21535752">{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Wei-Cai |last2=Jia |first2=Li-Rong |last3=Zhang |first3=Yan |last4=Cen |first4=Jia-Qi |last5=Chen |first5=Xi |last6=Gao |first6=Hong |last7=Feng |first7=Su |last8=Huang |first8=Yi-Na |display-authors=5 |title=Antibrowning and antimicrobial activities of the water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrus deodara |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=C318–23 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21535752 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02023.x }}</ref> In Greece, the wine [[retsina]] is flavoured with Aleppo pine resin.<ref name="Robinson 2006">{{Cite book |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Robinson |year=2006 |title=The Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=Third |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=568–569 |isbn=0-19-860990-6}}</ref>

Pine needles from ''[[Pinus densiflora]]'' were found to contain 30.54&nbsp;milligram/gram of [[proanthocyanidin]]s when extracted with hot water.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Park |first1=Yong Soo |last2=Jeon |first2=Min Hee |last3=Hwang |first3=Hyun Jung |last4=Park |first4=Mi Ra |last5=Lee |first5=Sang-Hyeon |last6=Kim |first6=Sung Gu |last7=Kim |first7=Mihyang |display-authors=5 |title=Antioxidant activity and analysis of proanthocyanidins from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles |journal=Nutrition Research and Practice |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=281–287 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21994521 |pmc=3180677 |doi=10.4162/nrp.2011.5.4.281 }}</ref>

In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[pine resin]] is used for burns, wounds and skin complaints.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Ulukanli |first1=Zeynep |last2=KaraböRklü |first2=Salih |last3=Bozok |first3=Fuat |last4=Ates |first4=Burhan |last5=Erdogan |first5=Selim |last6=Cenet |first6=Menderes |last7=Karaaslan |first7=Merve Göksin |display-authors=5 |title=Chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Mediterranean Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea resin essential oils |journal=Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=901–10 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25556061 |doi=10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60133-3 }}</ref>