Editing Penguin (section)

==Distribution and habitat==
{{See also|List of Sphenisciformes by population}}
Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as [[Antarctica]]. In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. Several species live in the [[temperate]] zone;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/list-penguin-species|access-date=August 8, 2016|title=List of Penguin Species|last=Askew|first=Nick|date=June 24, 2009|publisher=BirdLife International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822014010/http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/list-penguin-species|archive-date=August 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2020}} one, the [[Galápagos penguin]], lives as far north as the [[Galápagos Islands]], but this is only made possible by the cold, rich waters of the Antarctic [[Humboldt Current]] that flows around these islands.<ref>[[Ross Piper|Piper, Ross]] (2007), ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'', [[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]].</ref> Also, though the climate of the Arctic and Antarctic regions is similar, there are no penguins found in the Arctic.<ref>{{cite book|title = Book: BSCS Biology, By Arnold Brams Grobman.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xC-WGtA7eP8C&q=penguins+found+only+pole&pg=PA36|isbn = 9780787290085|last1 = Grobman|first1 = Arnold Brams|year = 1964| publisher=Kendall/Hunt |access-date = November 18, 2020|archive-date = October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018043947/https://books.google.com/books?id=xC-WGtA7eP8C&q=penguins+found+only+pole&pg=PA36|url-status = live}}</ref>
[[File:Gálapagos Penguins Near Isabela Island.jpg|thumb|Gálapagos Penguins near Isabela Island]]
Several authors have suggested that penguins are a good example of [[Bergmann's Rule]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00313.x |author=Ashton, K. |title=Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: strong evidence for Bergmann's rule |journal=Global Ecology and Biogeography |volume=11 |year=2002 |pages=505–523 |issue=#6 |bibcode=2002GloEB..11..505A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00837.x |author1=Meiri, S |title=On the validity of Bergmann's rule |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=30 |year=2003 |pages=331–351 |issue=#3 |author2=Dayan, T. |bibcode=2003JBiog..30..331M |s2cid=11954818 |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/dayan_files/articles/on_the_validity.pdf |access-date=November 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123741/http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/dayan_files/articles/on_the_validity.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> where larger-bodied populations live at higher latitudes than smaller-bodied populations. There is some disagreement about this and several other authors have noted that there are fossil penguin species that contradict this hypothesis and that ocean currents and upwellings are likely to have had a greater effect on species diversity than latitude alone.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0611099104 |author=Clarke, J. A.|title=Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity, and Cenozoic climate change |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=104 |issue=#28 |year=2007 |pages=11545–11550 |pmid=17601778 |pmc=1913862 |last2=Ksepka |last3=Stucchi |last4=Urbina |last5=Giannini |last6=Bertelli |last7=Narváez |last8=Boyd |bibcode=2007PNAS..10411545C |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gohlich, U. B. |title=The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus – a new species from the Miocene of Peru |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app52-285.html |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=52 |year=2007 |pages=285–298 |access-date=November 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113064147/https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app52-285.html |archive-date=November 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Major populations of penguins are found in [[Angola]], [[Antarctica]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Chile]], [[Namibia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217205921/http://www.siec.k12.in.us/west/proj/penguins/australia.html|url=http://www.siec.k12.in.us/west/proj/penguins/australia.html|title=Penguins of Australia and New Zealand |publisher=Southern Indian Education Center |access-date=September 8, 2013|archive-date=February 17, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Jadwiszczak, P. |title=Penguin past: The current state of knowledge |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230873362 |journal=Polish Polar Research |volume=30 |year=2009 |pages=3–28 |access-date=November 13, 2014 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214202/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230873362_Penguin_past_The_current_state_of_knowledge |url-status=live }}</ref> Satellite images and photos released in 2018 show the population of 2 million in [[France]]'s remote [[Île aux Cochons|Ile aux Cochons]] has collapsed, with barely 200,000 remaining, according to a study published in Antarctic Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/life/world-s-biggest-king-penguin-colony-shrinks-90-percent-19260|title=World's biggest king penguin colony shrinks 90 percent|website=World's biggest king penguin colony shrinks 90 percent|language=tr-TR|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124930/https://www.trtworld.com/life/world-s-biggest-king-penguin-colony-shrinks-90-percent-19260|archive-date=August 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Conservation status ===
The majority of living penguin species have declining populations. According to the IUCN Red List, their conservation statuses range from Least Concern through to Endangered.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Species
!IUCN Red List Status
!Trend
!Mature Individuals
!Last assessment
|-
|[[Emperor penguin]], ''Aptenodytes forsteri''
|Near Threatened
|Unknown
|
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=May 1, 2004|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Emperor Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[King penguin]], ''Aptenodytes patagonicus''
|Least Concern
|Increasing
|
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: King Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Little penguin]], ''Eudyptula minor''
|Least Concern
|Stable
|469,760
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 8, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Little Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Southern rockhopper penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysocome''
|Vulnerable
|Decreasing
|2,500,000
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Southern Rockhopper Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Macaroni penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysolophus''
|Vulnerable
|Decreasing
|
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macaroni Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Northern rockhopper penguin]], ''Eudyptes moseleyi''
|Endangered
|Decreasing
|480,600
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Northern Rockhopper Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fiordland penguin]], ''Eudyptes pachyrynchus''
|Vulnerable
|Decreasing
|2,500–9,999
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Fiordland Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Snares penguin]], ''Eudyptes robustus''
|Vulnerable
|Stable
|63,000
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Snares Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Royal penguin]], ''Eudyptes schlegeli'' (disputed)
|Near Threatened
|Stable
|1,700,000
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Royal Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Erect-crested penguin]], ''Eudyptes sclateri''
|Endangered
|Decreasing
|150,000
|2016<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=October 1, 2016|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Erect-crested Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yellow-eyed penguin]], ''Megadyptes antipodes''
|Endangered
|Decreasing
|2,528–3,480
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Yellow-eyed Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Adélie penguin]], ''Pygoscelis adeliae''
|Least Concern
|Increasing
|7,580,000
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Adelie Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chinstrap penguin]], ''Pygoscelis antarctica''
|Least Concern
|Decreasing
|8,000,000
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 16, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chinstrap Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gentoo penguin]], ''Pygoscelis papua''
|Least Concern
|Stable
|774,000
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 7, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Gentoo Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[African penguin]], ''Spheniscus demersus''
|Critically Endangered
|Decreasing
|19,800
|2024<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=July 4, 2024|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: African Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697810/256021744|access-date=January 19, 2025|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref>
|-
|[[Humboldt penguin]], ''Spheniscus humboldti''
|Vulnerable
|Decreasing
|32,000
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 9, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Humboldt Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Magellanic penguin]], ''Spheniscus magellanicus''
|Near Threatened
|Decreasing
|
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 9, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Magellanic Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Galápagos penguin]], ''Spheniscus mendiculus''
|Endangered
|Decreasing
|1,200
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=August 9, 2018|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Galapagos Penguin|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=June 2, 2020|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}