Editing Pavia (section)

== Culture ==

=== Museums ===

Pavia possesses a remarkable artistic treasure, a legacy of the city's prestigious past, divided into several museums.
[[File:Sala azzurra1.jpg|thumb|left|One of the rooms of the [[Pavia Civic Museums|Civic Museums]] inside the [[Visconti Castle (Pavia)|Visconti Castle]]]]
The [[Pavia Civic Museums]] (located, in the [[Visconti Castle (Pavia)|Visconti Castle]]) are divided into various sections: Archaeological, which preserves one of the richest collections of Roman glass in northern Italy and important artifacts and archeological finds of [[Lombards|Lombard]] period, such as the [[Plutei of Theodota|plutei of Teodota]] and the collection (the largest in Italy) of Lombard epigraphs, some of which belong to the tombs of kings or queens. Then there is the [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] and [[Renaissance]] section which exhibits sculptural, architectural and mosaic. The Romanesque collection is very rich, one of the largest in northern Italy, which also preserves important oriental architectural dishes from the Islamic and Byzantine East that adorned the facades of churches and buildings. Works by [[Jacopino da Tradate]], [[Giovanni Antonio Amadeo]], [[Cristoforo Mantegazza|Cristoforo]] and Antonio Mantegazza and [[Annibale Fontana]] are also exhibited. The Civic Museums also house the Risorgimento museum, dedicating particular space to the social, economic and cultural life of Pavia between the 18th and 19th centuries, the collection of African objects collected by [[Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti]] during his explorations and the numismatic collection, which houses more than 50,000 coins, most of them belonging to Camillo Brambilla, which cover a chronological period between the classical Greek issues and the minting of the modern period.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://museicivici.comune.pv.it/site/home.html|title=Home|work=Musei Civici| access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

The Pinacoteca Malaspina (which is part of the Pavia Civic Museums) established by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina di Sannazzaro (Pavia 1754– 1834), houses works by important artists of the Italian and international scene, from the 13th to the 20th century, such as [[Gentile da Fabriano]], [[Vincenzo Foppa]], [[Giovanni Bellini]], [[Antonello da Messina]], [[Bernardino Luini]], [[Antonio da Correggio|Correggio]], [[Paolo Veronese]], [[Guido Reni]], [[Francesco Hayez]], [[Giovanni Segantini]] and [[Renato Guttuso|Renato Gottuso]]. The monumental wooden model of the [[Pavia Cathedral|Pavia cathedral]] from 1497 is also exhibited inside the picture gallery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catalogo|work=Pinacote Malaspina |url=http://malaspina.museicivici.pavia.it/catalogo.html|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Museo per la storia dell'università di Pavia12.jpg|right|thumb| [[University History Museum, University of Pavia|University History Museum]], collection of instruments for the study of chemistry and physics, 18th and 19th century, some belonging to [[Alessandro Volta]]]]
The university's museum network is very vast, consisting of the [[University History Museum, University of Pavia|University History Museum]] of the University of Pavia, divided between the Section of Medicine, where anatomical and pathological preparations, surgical instruments are also exhibited (the surgical paraphernalia of [[Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla]]) and life-size anatomical waxes, made by the Florentine ceroplast [[Clemente Susini]] and the Physics Section which houses the physics cabinet of [[Alessandro Volta]] (where hundreds of scientific instruments from the 18th and 19th centuries are exhibited, some belonging to Alessandro Volta).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://museoperlastoria.unipv.it/en/|title=Home|work=Musei Unipv| access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

The University's [[Museum of Archeology of the University of Pavia|Museum of Archeology]] was established by Pier Vittorio Aldini in 1819 and houses prehistoric, Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan (including a collection of clay votive offerings donated by Pope [[Pope Pius XI|Pius XI]]) and Roman (some from [[Pompeii]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archeologia.unipv.eu/homepageeng/|title=Museum of Archeology| work=Musei Unipv| access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

The [[Natural History Museum, Pavia|Natural History Museum]] of the University (Kosmos), housed inside [[Palazzo Botta Adorno]], is one of the oldest in Italy, it was in fact founded by [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] in 1771 and which preserves a naturalistic heritage of high scientific and historical value, including nearly 400,000 finds divided between the collections of zoology, comparative anatomy and paleontology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://museokosmos.eu/en/|title=Home|work=Museo Kosmos| access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> 
Then there is the Golgi Museum, located in the same environments in which both [[Camillo Golgi]] and his students worked, rooms and laboratories that preserve both the original furnishings and the scientific instruments of the time, in order to allow the visitor to enter inside a 19th-century research center;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museocamillogolgi.unipv.eu/homepageeng/|title=Golgi Museum|work=Museo Camillo Golgi| access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> while the Museum of Electrical Technique, built in 2007, illustrates the history of electrical technology within five sections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museotecnica.unipv.eu/home-eng/|title=Museum of Electrical Technology|work=Museo Tecnica| access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> 
[[File:Museo diocesano pavia9.jpg|thumb|[[Diocesan Museum of Pavia]], Sicilian-Arab master, crosier, ivory (12th century)]]
Then come the Museum of Chemistry, that of Physics<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musei.unipv.eu/museo-di-chimica-fisica/|title=Museo di Chimica e Museo di Fisica|work=Musei Unipv| access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> and the Museum of Mineralogy, founded by Lazzaro Spallanzani.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musei.unipv.it/Mineralogia/|title=Museo di Mineralogia|work=Musei Unipv| access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

Next to the [[Pavia Cathedral|Cathedral]], inside the crypt of the ancient cathedral of Santa Maria del Popolo (11th century), is the [[Diocesan Museum of Pavia]], inaugurated in 2023, which collects silverware and liturgical objects (among which a crosier in elephantine ivory carved, painted and gilded made by a Sicilian workshop by the hand of Arab craftsmen and dating back to the end of the 12th century), sculptures and paintings, such as the panel of the ''Madonna della Misericordia'' by [[Lorenzo Fasolo]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diocesi di Pavia |title=Museo diocesano |url=https://www.diocesi.pavia.it/museo-diocesano/ |website=diocesi.pavia.it |date=24 June 2019 |access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

=== Libraries and archives ===

The history of the municipality of Pavia, from the tenth to the twentieth century, can be told through the amount of documentation collected within the Archivio Storico Civico (established in 1895), which also contains collections containing the archives of many aristocratic families from Pavia and of city personalities, such as Gaetano Sacchi, [[Benedetto Cairoli]] and [[Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archiviostorico.comune.pv.it/site/home.html|title=Archivio Storico Civico Pavia|work=Archivio Storico Comune Pavia|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> The Archivio di Stato (founded in 1959) also collect funds from noble archives (Beccaria, Bottigella, Belcredi, [[Malaspina family|Malaspina]]) and more, such as the Mori collection, which collects the papers of [[Cesare Mori]]. Also preserved in the archive are the acts of the notaries of Pavia (1256–1907), the maps of the Teresian [[Cadastre]] of the Pavia area (18th–19th centuries), and the archives of the [[university of Pavia|university]] (1341–1897), of the San Matteo Hospital (1063–1900), the Prefecture, the Police Headquarters and the Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archiviodistatopavia.beniculturali.it/home|title=Home|work=Archivio di Stato di Pavia|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327142021/https://archiviodistatopavia.beniculturali.it/home|url-status=dead}}</ref> Equally important is the Archivio Storico Diocesano, which houses the documentation of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pavia|diocese of Pavia]] since the tenth century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anagrafebbcc.chiesacattolica.it/anagraficaCEIBib/public/VisualizzaScheda.do?codice_cei=CEI408A00001|title=Archivio Storico Diocesano Pavia|work=Anagrafe Istituti Culturali Ecclesiastici|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>
[[File:San maiolo.jpg|thumb|The Archivio di Stato is based in the former monastery of San Maiolo, founded in the 10th century and rebuilt at the end of the 15th century.]]
The Centro per gli studi sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporanei (Formerly the "Research Center on the Manuscript Tradition of Modern and Contemporary Authors", also known as the "Manuscript Center"), founded by [[Maria Corti]] in 1980, is responsible for the conservation and to the study of modern and contemporary archival and bibliographic heritage. The center, among the most important of its kind in Italy, preserves collections of documentary material (manuscripts, typescripts, letters, first editions, libraries, photographs, drawings, furnishings, paintings and other objects) relating to writers, intellectuals, publishers, artists and scientists of the past two centuries. Among the archival collections preserved we remember those of [[Alberto Arbasino]], [[Riccardo Bacchelli]], [[Romano Bilenchi]], [[Emilio De Marchi (writer)|Emilio De Marchi]], [[Ennio Flaiano]], [[Alfonso Gatto]], [[Tonino Guerra]], [[Claudio Magris]], [[Luigi Meneghello]], [[Eugenio Montale]], [[Indro Montanelli]], [[Salvatore Quasimodo]], [[Mario Rigoni Stern]], [[Amelia Rosselli]], [[Umberto Saba]] and Roberto Sanesi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://centromanoscritti.unipv.it/#image-2|title=Home|work=Centro Manoscritti Unipv| access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

The library tradition of Pavia among its origins from the Visconteo Sforzesca Library, established in the second half of the fourteenth century by [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] in the [[Visconti Castle (Pavia)|Visconti Castle]], where the precious illuminated manuscripts of the dukes of Milan were kept. In 1499, with the fall of [[Ludovico Sforza|Ludovico il Moro]], the king of France [[Louis XII]] took most of the manuscripts from the castle and they are now kept in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliothéque Nationale de France]] in [[Paris]]. Of the nearly one thousand manuscripts that made up the library, only one codex remained in Pavia: ''[[Triumphs|I Trionfi]]'' di [[Petrarch|Francesco Petrarca]] kept in the Biblioteca Universitaria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collezioni.museicivici.pavia.it/bvs/|title=La biblioteca Visconteo Sforzesca|work=Collezioni Musei Civici Pavia| access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

In the second half of the 16th century, three historic libraries arose in the city: that of the Episcopal Seminary<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seminariopavia.com/biblioteca/|title= La Biblioteca|work=Seminario Pavia|date= September 2021| access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> and the libraries of the [[collegio Borromeo|Borromeo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collegioborromeo.eu/biblioteca/biblioteca/orari-e-cataloghi/|title=Archvio e Biblioteca Collegio Borromeo|work=Collegio Borromeo|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> and [[Ghislieri College|Ghislieri]] Colleges,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghislieri.it/collegio/attivita/biblioteca/|title=Biblioteca|work=Collegio Ghislieri|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> founded respectively by [[Charles Borromeo]] and Pope [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]] to allow access to the [[University of Pavia|university]] (then the only one of all the [[Duchy of Milan]]) to promising young people, but with scarce economic resources.[[File:Biblioteca universitaria (1).jpg|left|thumb|Biblioteca Universitaria, the salon designed by [[Giuseppe Piermarini]], 1771]] In 1754, by the will of Empress [[Maria Theresa]], the Biblioteca Universitaria was created, the most important in terms of book heritage in the city, which also preserves 1,404 manuscripts, 702 [[Incunable|incunabula]], 1,153 parchments (from 1103 to 1787), the 3,592 old prints, and 1,287 old geographical maps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibliotecauniversitariapavia.it/|title=Home|work=Biblioteca Universitaria Pavia|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

In 1887 the Biblioteca Civica Carlo Bonetta was established, the main seat of the library system of the city which is divided into eight loan and reading points distributed evenly over the entire municipal area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteche.comune.pv.it/site/home/biblioteca-bonetta/informazioni-e-contatti.html|title=Informazioni e Contatti per la Biblioteca Bonetta|work=Biblioteche Comune Pv|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>
Among the university libraries we should mention the Library of Humanistic Studies,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteche.unipv.it/home/biblioteche/studi-umanistici|title=Biblioteca di Studi Umanistici|work=Biblioteca Unipv|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> born from the amalgamation of several libraries of the university's humanistic faculties, such as that of archeology (built in 1819), the Library of Science and Technology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteche.unipv.it/home/biblioteche/biblioteca-sci-tecnica|title=Biblioteca della Scienza e della Tecnica|work=Biblioteca Unipv|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> where the library also merged of the [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia|Botanical Garden]] (established in 1773), the Law Library (1880),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteche.unipv.it/home/biblioteche/giurisprudenza|title=Biblioteca di Giurisprudenza|work=Biblioteca Unipv|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> The Science Library,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteche.unipv.it/home/biblioteche/biblioteca-delle-scienze|title=Biblioteca delle Scienze|work=Biblioteca Unipv|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> which also houses the volumes of the Medical and Surgical Society of Pavia (founded by [[Camillo Golgi]] in 1885), the Area Library Medica Adolfo Ferrata,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteche.unipv.it/home/biblioteche/biblioteca-di-area-medica-adolfo-ferrata| title=Biblioteca di Area Medica Adolfo Ferrata|work=Biblioteca Unipv|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> the Political Science Library (built in 1925<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteche.unipv.it/home/biblioteche/scienze-politiche|title=Biblioteca di Scienze Politiche|work=Biblioteca Unipv|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>), the Economics Library<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteche.unipv.it/home/biblioteche/biblioteca-di-economia|title=Biblioteca di Eonomia|work=Biblioteca Unipv|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> and the Giasone del Maino College Library (born in 2000).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collegiodelmaino.it/biblioteca|title=Biblioteca|work=Collegio del Maino|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:IMG E2788 (2).jpg|thumb|Risotto with sausage and Bonarda wine]]
Capital of a province shaped like a bunch of grapes—as described by [[Gianni Brera]]—Pavia is a land that yields many fruits, the origin of a variety of local dishes. Thanks to its wealth of spring waters and waterways, Pavia and its surrounding territory have become one of Italy’s main rice-producing areas. It is no coincidence, then, that numerous recipes showcase the many facets of this grain. Among them is risotto alla certosina, said to have been created by the monks of the [[Certosa di Pavia|Certosa]] monastery and made with river crayfish, carrots, and onions;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stefano |title=Risotto alla certosina, antica ricetta pavese |url=https://www.quatarobpavia.it/risotto-alla-certosina-antica-ricetta-pavese/ |website=quatarobpavia.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it |date=12 October 2021}}</ref> risotto with black-eyed peas; risotto with sausage and [[Bonarda Piemontese|Bonarda]] wine; and risotto with wild hops (known in dialect as ''ürtis'').<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbiati |first1=Valentina |title=L’ingrediente segreto del risotto pavese che devi assolutamente provare |url=https://www.quatarobpavia.it/ricetta-risotto-urtis-piatto-pavese-tradizione-popolare/ |website=quatarobpavia.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it |date=26 March 2025}}</ref> 


Among the first courses, in addition to rice-based dishes, a notable mention goes to [[zuppa pavese]], a rustic soup traditionally believed to have been invented by a peasant woman using the few ingredients she had on hand—broth, eggs, and cheese—to feed the King of France, [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], after his [[Battle of Pavia|crushing defeat]] outside the city walls.

As for main courses, ragò alla pavese stands out—a local, lighter version of the better-known [[cassoeula]], prepared solely with pork ribs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbiati |first1=Valentina |title=La ricetta del ‘Ragò’, la rivisitazione pavese della tradizionale Cassoeula |url=https://www.quatarobpavia.it/ricetta-del-rago-rivisitazione-pavese-della-tradizionale-cassoeula/ |website=quatarobpavia.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it |date=3 November 2024}}</ref> Other traditional dishes include ''munighili'' (Pavia’s version of [[mondeghili]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giallozafferano |title=Friciulìn, Munighili, Mondeghili, Polpette |url=https://blog.giallozafferano.it/incucinaacasamia/friciulin-munighili-mondeghili-polpette/ |website=blog.giallozafferano.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it |date=26 October 2020}}</ref>), stufato alla pavese (Pavia-style stew), ''büseca'' (veal tripe in the local style), [[ossobuco]] with peas (''os büš cum i erbion''), and “escaped birds” (''üslin scapà'')—thin veal slices stuffed with pancetta and sage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbiati |first1=Valentina |title=Ossobuco con piselli, come vuole la tradizione pavese |url=https://www.quatarobpavia.it/ossobuco-con-piselli-come-vuole-la-tradizione-pavese/ |website=quatarobpavia.it |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
[[File:IMG E2795 (2).jpg|thumb|San Sirino]]
Meat, especially when boiled, is traditionally served with two types of sauces: ''peverada''—already mentioned by [[Opicinus de Canistris|Opicino de Canistris]] in the 14th century—made with bell peppers, celery, anchovies, and eggs;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbiati |first1=Valentina |title=Salsa peverata, ottima per accompagnare il bollito di carne |url=https://www.quatarobpavia.it/ricette-tipiche-oltrepo-pavese-salsa-peverata/ |website=quatarobpavia.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it |date=24 January 2024}}</ref> and ''bagnet verd'', prepared with parsley, anchovies, garlic, and capers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbiati |first1=Valentina |title=Salsa verde alla pavese, la ricetta segreta per esaltare il bollito |url=https://www.quatarobpavia.it/ricetta-segreta-salsa-verde-alla-pavese-esaltare-bollito/ |website=quatarobpavia.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it |date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

Alongside meat dishes, Pavia’s cuisine also includes many freshwater fish specialties, such as anguilla alla borghigiana (named after the ancient suburb of the city across the Ticino River beyond the [[Ponte Coperto]]), trout in white wine, and [[frittata]] with alborelle (a small freshwater fish). Not to be forgotten are frogs, served in risotto or stewed, and snails, often cooked with porcini mushrooms.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pizzocaro |first1=Marta |title=Risotto con le rane in guazzetto |url=https://laprovinciapavese.gelocal.it/tempo-libero/2016/10/02/news/risotto-con-le-rane-in-guazzetto-1.14192794 |website=laprovinciapavese.gelocal.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it |date=2 October 2016}}</ref>

Among desserts, in addition to the well-known torta del paradiso, are pumpkin pie (''turtâ d’sücâ''),<ref>{{cite web |last1=KucinadiKiara |title=Il Nusat (Torta salata di zucca) |url=https://paviaeleterrepavesi.wayglo.it/scheda/il-nusat-torta-salata-di-zucca/ |website=paviaeleterrepavesi.wayglo.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it}}</ref> San Sirini—small, round sponge cakes soaked generously in rum and covered in dark chocolate, traditionally made in the weeks around December 9th, the feast day of Saint Siro—and ''sfâsö'', typical carnival fritters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbiati |first1=Valentina |title=San Sirino, il dolce simbolo di Pavia che conquista al primo morso |url=https://www.quatarobpavia.it/san-sirino-dolce-simbolo-pavia/ |website=quatarobpavia.it |access-date=17 May 2025 |language=it |date=26 November 2024}}</ref>
[[Panettone]] is found in a register of expenses of the [[Collegio Borromeo|Borromeo college]] of Pavia in 1599: on 23 December of that year in the list of courses provided for lunch Christmas costs also appear for 5 pounds of butter, 2 of raisins and 3 ounces of spices given to the baker to make 13 "loaves" to be given to college students on Christmas Day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collegioborromeo.it/it/spigolature-darchivio-dicembre-1599-panettone-per-gli-alunni/|title=Spigolature d'Archivio – dicembre 1599: panettone per gli Alunni|work=Collegio Borromeo|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Agnolotti pavesi (4).JPG|thumb|A plate of dry [[Pavese agnolotti]], a type of [[stuffed pasta]], with a Pavese [[stew]]-based sauce]]

Belonging to the [[province of Pavia]], in particular to [[Oltrepò Pavese]] are [[Pavese agnolotti]], a type of [[stuffed pasta]]. The filling of the Pavese agnolotti is based on Pavese [[stew]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piaceredelgusto.com/agnolotti-cavour/|title=Agnolotti Cavour|date=2 January 2016 |access-date=9 December 2023|language=it}}</ref> The recipe for this stuffed pasta is characterized by influences from [[Piedmont]]ese and [[Piacenza|Piacentino]] cuisine, characteristics of areas that border the Oltrepò Pavese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brindando.com/agnolotti-pavesi/|title=AGNOLOTTI PAVESI|date=3 June 2013 |access-date=9 December 2023|language=it}}</ref> 
The shape of the pasta was based on the [[Agnolotti|Piedmontese agnolotti]], and the filling of Pavese stew is based on ''stracotto alla piacentina'', which is the filling for Piacentino {{ill|anolini|it}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/bbq4all-magazine/docs/numero51|title=BBQ4All Magazine numero 51 - Marzo 2023|date=24 March 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023|language=it}}</ref> The Piedmontese agnolotti, in particular, differ from the Pavese agnolotti due to the filling, which is instead based on roast meat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cookist.it/agnolotti/|title=Agnolotti: la ricetta della pasta ripiena tipica piemontese|access-date=10 December 2023|language=it}}</ref> Pavese agnolotti is a typical dish of the [[Christmas]] tradition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/12/24/news/non_solo_agnolotti_sulla_tavola_di_natale-74368918/|title=Non solo agnolotti sulla tavola di Natale|date=24 December 2013 |publisher=[[La Repubblica]]|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> and are consumed during celebrations and important occasions.<ref name="radio-food">{{cite web|url=https://www.radio-food.it/agnolotti-pavesi/|title=Agnolotti pavesi: cosa sono e dove mangiare i migliori|date=30 January 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023|language=it}}</ref>