Editing Parasitism (section)

==== Social parasitism ====

{{further|Ant mimicry|Cuckoo bee|Emery's rule}}

Social parasites take advantage of interspecific interactions between members of [[eusocial]] animals such as [[ant]]s, [[termite]]s, and [[bumblebee]]s. Examples include the large blue butterfly, ''[[Phengaris arion]]'', its larvae employing [[ant mimicry]]<!--(myrmecomorphy)--> to parasitise certain ants,<ref name="Thomas2010">{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=J. A. |last2=Schönrogge |first2=K. |author3=Bonelli, S. |author4=Barbero, F. |author5=Balletto, E. |title=Corruption of ant acoustical signals by mimetic social parasites: ''Maculinea'' butterflies achieve elevated status in host societies by mimicking the acoustics of queen ants |journal=Commun Integr Biol |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=169–171 |year=2010 |pmid=20585513 |pmc=2889977 |doi=10.4161/cib.3.2.10603}}</ref> ''[[Bombus bohemicus]]'', a bumblebee which invades the hives of other bees and takes over reproduction while their young are raised by host workers, and ''[[Melipona scutellaris]]'', a eusocial bee whose virgin queens escape killer workers and invade another colony without a queen.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Annette |last1=Van Oystaeyen |first2=Denise |last2=Araujo Alves |first3=Ricardo |last3=Caliari Oliveira |first4=Daniela |last4=Lima do Nascimento |first5=Fábio |last5=Santos do Nascimento |first6=Johan |last6=Billen |first7=Tom |last7=Wenseleers |title=Sneaky queens in ''Melipona'' bees selectively detect and infiltrate queenless colonies |journal=Animal Behaviour |date=September 2013 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.07.001 |citeseerx=10.1.1.309.6081 |s2cid=12921696 }}</ref> An extreme example of interspecific social parasitism is found in the ant ''[[Tetramorium inquilinum]]'', an obligate parasite which lives exclusively on the backs of other ''Tetramorium'' ants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.antkeepers.com/facts/ant-colony/social-parasites/ |title=Social Parasites in the Ant Colony |publisher=Antkeepers |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> A mechanism for the evolution of social parasitism was first proposed by Carlo Emery in 1909.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emery |first=Carlo |date=1909 |title=Über den Ursprung der dulotischen, parasitischen un myrmekophilen Ameisen |journal=Biologischen Centralblatt |volume=29 |pages=352–362}}</ref> Now known as "[[Emery's rule]]", it states that social parasites tend to be closely related to their hosts, often being in the same genus.<ref name="RD">{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/social-parasitism-in-ants-13256421 |title=Social Parasitism in Ants |last=Deslippe |first=Richard |publisher=Nature Education Knowledge |year=2010 |access-date=29 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Emery_1909">{{cite journal |last=Emery |first=C. |url=https://archive.org/details/ants_11715/page/n1 |title=Über den Ursprung der dulotischen, parasitischen und myrmekophilen Ameisen |journal=Biologisches Centralblatt |date=1909 |volume=29 |pages=352–362}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bourke |first1=Andrew F. G. |last2=Franks |first2=Nigel R. |date=July 1991 |title=Alternative adaptations, sympatric speciation and the evolution of parasitic, inquiline ants |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=157–178 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00591.x |issn=0024-4066}}</ref>

Intraspecific social parasitism occurs in parasitic nursing, where some individual young take milk from unrelated females. In [[wedge-capped capuchin]]s, higher ranking females sometimes take milk from low ranking females without any reciprocation.<ref name=obrien5>{{cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy G. |title=Parasitic nursing behavior in the wedge-capped capuchin monkey (''Cebus olivaceus'') |journal=American Journal of Primatology |year=1988 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=341–344 |doi =10.1002/ajp.1350160406 |pmid=32079372 |s2cid=86176932 }}</ref>