Editing Pacific Northwest (section)

==Demographics==
===Population===
[[File:Cascadia megacity map.png|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Map of most of the Cascadia urban megaregion, showing population density (shades of yellow/brown), highways (red), and major railways (black). Public land shown in shades of green. This map omits the southern Willamette Valley, which is typically considered part of the megaregion.]]

The overwhelming majority of the population of the Pacific Northwest is concentrated in an [[Megaregions of the United States|urban megaregion]], typically identified with its three major cities (Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver) but extending south from Vancouver to the [[Eugene, Oregon]] area, following the path of U.S. [[Interstate 5]]. Most of this urban megaregion is located between 40-90 miles inland from the [[Pacific Ocean]] coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@46.0599733,-123.0668945,6.91z?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDUxMy4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> 

As of 2021, the combined populations of the [[Lower Mainland]] region (which includes the [[Metro Vancouver Regional District]]), the [[Puget Sound region]] (which includes the [[Seattle metropolitan area]]), and the [[Willamette Valley]] (which includes the [[Portland metropolitan area]]) totaled more than ten million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Lower%20Mainland%2D%2DSouthwest&DGUIDlist=2021S05005920&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |title=Data table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Lower Mainland--Southwest [Economic region], British Columbia |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528030808/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Lower%20Mainland%2D%2DSouthwest&DGUIDlist=2021S05005920&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title="RACE." Decennial Census, DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171), Table P1, 2020|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=330XX00US500|access-date=2025-05-17|website=data.census.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau. "RACE." Decennial Census, DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171), Table P1, 2020|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?q=population&g=310XX00US10540,18700,21660,38900,41420|access-date=2025-05-17|website=data.census.gov|language=en}}</ref> However, beyond these three urban areas, the PNW region is characterized by a very low density population distribution. Large geographical areas may only have one mid-sized to small-sized city as a regional center (often a county seat), with smaller cities and towns scattered around. Vast areas of the region may have little or no population at all, largely due to the presence of extensive mountains and forests, and plateaus containing both extensive farm and range lands, much of which is protected from development in large parks and preserves, or by zoning use regulation related to traditional land use. For example, all cities within the vast coastal area between Eugene, Oregon and [[San Francisco]], California, including [[Southern Oregon]] and [[Upstate California|far northern California]] (often included in the "Pacific Northwest") have populations less than 100,000, with that portion of the state containing millions of acres of national forests and parks.

The most densely populated region west of the [[Cascade Range]] outside this corridor is Southern [[Vancouver Island]] near British Columbia's Pacific coast, including [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] and [[Nanaimo]], (with a population of approximately 500,000).<ref>{{cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2017-02-08|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Victoria [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=935&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=victoria&SearchType=Contains&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0|access-date=2021-07-01|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2017-02-08|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Nanaimo, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia and Nanaimo [Population centre], British Columbia|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5921&Geo2=POPC&Code2=0568&Data=Count&SearchText=Nanaimo&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|access-date=2021-07-01|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> In contrast, most of the coastal areas of Washington and [[Oregon Coast|Oregon]] are sparsely populated.

East of the Cascades, populated areas include the [[Okanagan Valley]] in the British Columbia interior centered around the city of [[Kelowna]], the [[Yakima|Yakima Valley]] and [[Kennewick]] in Washington, the [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]]-[[Redmond, Oregon|Redmond]] area just east of the Cascades in Central Oregon. Further east are urban areas including [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] and [[Boise]] that are sometimes included in the Pacific Northwest, but share relatively few ties with the core Vancouver-Seattle-Portland corridor. 

==== List of largest cities and metropolitan areas by population in the Pacific Northwest ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! City !! State/Province !! Population !! Metropolitan area !! Urban area
|-
| [[Seattle]] || Washington || {{nts|704,000}}<ref name=census-wa>{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn45.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Washington's 2010 Census Population Totals |access-date=July 11, 2011 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |date=February 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034222/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn45.html |archive-date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref> || {{nts|3,905,026}}<ref name=PopEstCBSA>{{cite web |url= http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table |title= Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico |work= 2010 United States Census |publisher= [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date= April 14, 2011|access-date= July 12, 2011}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>|| {{nts|3,059,393}}<ref name=urban>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/ua/ua_list_all.xls|title=A national 2010 urban area file containing a list of all urbanized areas and urban clusters (including Puerto Rico and the Island Areas) sorted by UACE code}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] || Oregon || {{nts|658,347}}<ref name=PopEstCBSA/> || {{nts|2,753,168}}<ref name=PopEstCBSA/>|| {{nts|1,849,898}}<ref name=urban/>
|-
| [[Vancouver]] || British Columbia || {{nts|631,486}}<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Services|first=Ministry of Citizens'|title=Population Estimates - Province of British Columbia|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/people-population-community/population/population-estimates|access-date=2021-04-17|website=www2.gov.bc.ca}}</ref>
 || {{nts|2,737,698}}<ref name=":1" />|| {{nts|2,264,823}}<ref name=urbanCA>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=801&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=100&PR=0|title=Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census|last=Canada|first=Government of Canada, Statistics|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|date=February 8, 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]] || British Columbia || {{nts|598,530}}<ref name=":2" />
||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro|Part of [[Greater Vancouver]]}}||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}
|-
| [[Burnaby]] || British Columbia || {{nts|257,926
}}<ref name=":2" />||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}
|-
| [[Boise, Idaho|Boise]] || Idaho || 236,634<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2022 |title=United States Census QuickFacts Boise City, Idaho |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/boisecitycityidaho/PST045222 |access-date=August 28, 2023}}</ref>|| {{nts|691,423}}<ref name=PopEstCBSA/>|| {{nts|349,684}}<ref name=urban/>
|-
| [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] || Washington || {{nts|222,081}}<ref name=census-wa/> || {{nts|573,493}}<ref name=spokesman-county>{{cite news |url= http://data.spokesman.com/census/2010/washington/counties |title= Washington population by county – Census 2010: Washington |access-date= July 12, 2011 |newspaper= [[The Spokesman-Review]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110814080642/http://data.spokesman.com/census/2010/washington/counties/ |archive-date= August 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates Tables|website=www.census.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref>|| {{nts|486,225}}<ref name=urban/>
|-
| [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]] || British Columbia || {{nts|216,046}}<ref name=":2" />||{{efn||name=VancouverMetro}}||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}
|-
| [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] || Washington || {{nts|198,397}}<ref name=census-wa/> ||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA|Part of [[Seattle metropolitan area]] (Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA MSA)}}||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}
|-
| [[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver]] || Washington || {{nts|175,673}}<ref name=census-wa/> ||{{efn|name=PortlandMSA|Part of [[Portland metropolitan area]] (Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA MSA)}}||{{efn|name=PortlandMSA}}
|-
| [[Salem, Oregon|Salem]] || Oregon || {{nts|169,798}}<ref name=census-or/> || {{nts|390,738}}<ref name=PopEstCBSA/>|| {{nts|236,632}}<ref name=urban/>
|-
| [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] || Oregon || {{nts|168,916}}<ref name=census-or>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn43.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Oregon's 2010 Census Population Totals |access-date=December 31, 2012 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|date=February 23, 2011}}</ref> || {{nts|351,715}}<ref name=PopEstCBSA/>|| {{nts|247,421}}<ref name=urban/>
|-
| [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] || British Columbia || {{nts|161,581}}<ref name=":2" />|| {{nts|204,265}}<ref name=":1" />|| {{nts|121,279}}<ref name="urbanCA" />
|-
| [[Coquitlam]] || British Columbia || {{nts|152,734}}<ref name=":2" />||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}
|-
| [[Bellevue, Washington|Bellevue]] || Washington || {{nts|148,164}}<ref name=PopEstWA>{{cite web |date=May 2020 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Washington: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2010-2019/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2019-ANNRES-53.xlsx |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> ||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}
|-
| [[Kelowna]] || British Columbia || {{nts|146,127}}<ref name=":2" />|| {{nts|222,748}}<ref name=":1" />|| {{nts|151,957}}<ref name="urbanCA" />
|-
| [[Redmond, Washington|Redmond]] || Washington || {{nts|136,420}}<ref name=PopEstWA/> ||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}
|-
| [[Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)|Langley (Township)]]|| British Columbia || {{nts|133,302}}<ref name=":2" />||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro|}}
|-
| [[Kent, Washington|Kent]] || Washington || {{nts|125,560}}<ref name="census-wa" /> ||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}
|-
| [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]|| British Columbia || {{nts|125,107}}<ref name=":2" />||{{efn|name=GV|Part of [[Greater Victoria]]}}||{{efn|name=GV}}
|-
| [[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]]|| British Columbia || {{nts|111,281}}<ref name=":2" />||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}
|-
| [[Gresham, Oregon|Gresham]] || Oregon || {{nts|111,063}}<ref name="census-or" /> ||{{efn|name=PortlandMSA}}||{{efn|name=PortlandMSA|}}
|-
| [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]] || Oregon || {{nts|106,894}}<ref name="census-or" /> ||{{efn||name=PortlandMSA}}||{{efn|name=PortlandMSA}}
|-
| [[Meridian, Idaho|Meridian]] || Idaho || {{nts|106,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.spokesman.com/census/2010/idaho/cities/meridian-id/|title=Meridian – Census 2010: Idaho – The Spokesman-Review|website=data.spokesman.com|access-date=July 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716151809/http://data.spokesman.com/census/2010/idaho/cities/meridian-id/|archive-date=July 16, 2014}}</ref> ||{{efn|name=BoiseMSA|Part of [[Boise metropolitan area]] (Boise City–Nampa, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA))}}||{{efn|name=BoiseMSA}}
|-
| [[Everett, Washington|Everett]] || Washington || {{nts|103,019}}<ref name=census-wa/> ||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}
|-
| [[Nanaimo]] || British Columbia || {{nts|101,336}}<ref name=":2" />|| {{nts|117,144}}<ref name=":1" />|| {{nts|88,799}}<ref name=urbanCA/>
|-
| [[Kamloops]] || British Columbia || {{nts|101,198}}<ref name=":2" />|| {{nts|116,896}}<ref name=":1" />|| {{nts|78,026}}<ref name="urbanCA" />
|-
| [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]] || Oregon || {{nts|97,514}}<ref name="census-or" /> ||{{efn|name=PortlandMSA}}||{{efn|name=PortlandMSA}}
|-
| [[Renton, Washington|Renton]] || Washington || {{nts|95,448}}<ref name="census-wa" /> ||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}
|-
| [[Spokane Valley, Washington|Spokane Valley]] || Washington || {{nts|94,919}}<ref name="census-wa" /> ||{{efn|name=SpokaneMSA|Part of [[Spokane metropolitan area]] (Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA MSA)}}||{{efn|name=SpokaneMSA}}
|-
| [[Chilliwack]] || British Columbia || {{nts|95,178}}<ref name=":2" />|| {{nts|116,626}}<ref name=":1" />|| {{nts|73,161}}<ref name="urbanCA" />
|-
| [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]] || Oregon || {{nts|94,520}}<ref name="USA:Oregon">{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Oregon.html |title=USA: Oregon |work=Citypopulation.de |year=2010 |access-date= June 25, 2012}}</ref> || {{nts|170,705}}|| {{nts|83,794}}<ref name="urban" />
|-
| [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] || British Columbia || {{nts|94,415}}<ref name=":2" />|| {{nts|408,883}}<ref name=":1" />|| {{nts|335,696}}<ref name="urbanCA" />
|-
| [[Nampa, Idaho|Nampa]] || Idaho || {{nts|93,590}}<ref name="census-id">{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=May 26, 2017 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>||{{efn|name=BoiseMSA}}||{{efn|name=BoiseMSA}}
|-
| [[Kirkland, Washington|Kirkland]] || Washington || {{nts|93,010}}<ref name="PopEstWA" /> ||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}
|-
| [[Maple Ridge, British Columbia|Maple Ridge]]|| British Columbia || {{nts|91,479}}<ref name=":2" />||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}
|-
| [[Bellingham, Washington|Bellingham]] || Washington || {{nts|92,314}}<ref name=census-wa/> || {{nts|201,140}}<ref name="pop2020-BellinghamMSA">{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bellinghamcitywashington/PST045221 |access-date=February 5, 2022|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Bellingham city, Washington }}</ref>|| {{nts|114,473}}<ref name=urban/>
|-
| [[Yakima, Washington|Yakima]] || Washington || {{nts|91,067}}<ref name="spokesman">{{cite news |url= http://data.spokesman.com/census/2010/washington/cities |title= Washington population by city – Census 2010: Washington |access-date= July 12, 2011 |newspaper= [[The Spokesman-Review]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110814081150/http://data.spokesman.com/census/2010/washington/cities/ |archive-date= August 14, 2011}}</ref> || {{nts|243,231}}<ref name="spokesman" />|| {{nts|129,534}}<ref name="urban" />
|-
| [[North Vancouver, British Columbia (district municipality)|North Vancouver (District)]]|| British Columbia || {{nts|89,767}}<ref name=":2" />||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}||{{efn|name=VancouverMetro|}}
|-
| [[Federal Way, Washington|Federal Way]] || Washington ||  {{nts|89,306}}<ref name="census-wa" /> ||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA|}}||{{efn|name=SeattleMSA}}
|-
| [[Kennewick, Washington|Kennewick]] || Washington || {{nts|84,347}}<ref name="PopEstWA" /> || {{nts|268,200}}|| {{nts|232,954}}<ref name="urban" />
|-
|[[New Westminster]]
|British Columbia
|{{Nts|82,590}}<ref name=":2" />
|{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}
|{{efn|name=VancouverMetro}}
|-
|[[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]]
|British Columbia
|{{Nts|82,290}}<ref name=":2" />
|{{Nts|96,015}}<ref name=":1" />
|{{Nts|65,510}}<ref name="urbanCA" />
|-
|[[Missoula, Montana|Missoula]]
|Montana
|76,784
|117,922
|
|-
| [[Medford, Oregon|Medford]] || Oregon || {{nts|74,907}}<ref name="USA:Oregon" /> || {{nts|207,010}}|| {{nts|154,081}}<ref name=urban/>
|-
| [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]]{{efn|Included due to its large metropolitan population.}} || Washington || {{nts|55,605}}<ref>{{cite web |title="TOTAL POPULATION." Decennial Census, DEC Demographic and Housing Characteristics, Table P1, 2020 |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDHC2020.P1?q=population+2020&g=312XX00US365005351300 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> || {{nts|294,793}}<ref>{{cite web |title="RACE." Decennial Census, DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171), Table P1, 2020 |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?q=population+2020&g=310XX00US36500_312XX00US365005351300 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>|| {{efn|Part of the [[Seattle combined statistical area]].}}
|}

===Ethnicity===
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2022}}
In British Columbia, [[European Canadians|Europeans]] form 64% of the population with [[Asians]] comprising a further 29% of the provincial population. Both the Asian and European populations of the province are diverse; of the Asian population, 15% of the population is of [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]] descent, 8% of the population is of [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] descent, with smaller numbers of Southeast Asians (4%) and [[West Asian Canadians|West Asians]] (2%); the European population contains large communities of [[English Canadians]], [[Scottish Canadians]], [[Irish Canadians]], [[French Canadians]], [[German Canadians]], and many others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]| date=February 8, 2017 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=933&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1}}</ref> Europeans form between 80 and 90 per cent of the population in U.S. section of the Pacific Northwest, thus the Asian presence is comparably smaller, with all Asian groups together comprising about 8% of Washington state's population, and less than 4% in Oregon and Idaho. This is due to immigration quotas at the federal level, as while Canada has one-tenth the population of the United States, it takes in one-quarter as many immigrants, many of whom are from Asia. Vancouver settled about a quarter of all [[Emigration from Hong Kong|emigrants from Hong Kong]] to Canada in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Hong Kong migration to Canada: the background|title=Relucant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese|author1-first=Graham E.|author1-last=Johnson|author2-first=Diana|author2-last=Lary|editor1-first=Ronald |editor1-last=Skeldon|editor2-first=Xiaohu (Shawn) |editor2-last=Wang |year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-1315483115}}</ref>

In the U.S. side of the region, [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latinos]] make up a large portion of the agricultural labor force east of the Cascade Range, and are an increasing presence in the general labor force west of the Cascades. Despite the [[Second Great Migration (African American)|Second Great Migration]] from the 1940s to 1960s due to the booming Boeing war industry and post-war growing economy, [[African Americans]] are less numerous in the Pacific Northwest; however, the overall African American population has been growing in other smaller urban areas throughout the region such as Eugene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=2817 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828090441/http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=2817|archive-date=August 28, 2006 |title=New approach encourages greater community input in decisions about minority affairs efforts at UW School of Medicine. |last=Gray |first=Leila |date=January 15, 1997 |access-date=February 19, 2011 }}</ref> African Americans tend to concentrate in western urban areas such as Tacoma, south Seattle, and Portland. Nonetheless, Black people have a very large presence in Tacoma's [[Hilltop, Tacoma, Washington|Hilltop]] and South Tacoma neighborhoods, Seattle's [[Central District, Seattle|Central District]] and [[Rainier Valley, Seattle|Rainier Valley]] neighborhoods,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 970984|title =  Blacks and Asians in a White City: Japanese Americans and African Americans in Seattle, 1890-1940|journal = The Western Historical Quarterly|volume = 22|issue = 4|pages = 401–429|author1-link=Quintard Taylor|last1 = Taylor|first1 = Quintard|year = 1991|doi = 10.2307/970984}}</ref> and in Portland's Northeast Quadrant.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2716942|title = The Emergence of Black Communities in the Pacific Northwest: 1865-1910|journal = The Journal of Negro History|volume = 64|issue = 4|pages = 342–354|last1 = Taylor|first1 = Quintard|year = 1979|doi = 10.2307/2716942|s2cid = 132137921}}</ref> There are growing numbers in Vancouver as well, particularly Africans, Jamaicans and Black people from the United States.

Beginning in the late 20th century, a general [[suburbanization]] of East and South Asian communities occurred in Vancouver, prompting concerns regarding the preservation of historical inner-city communities particularly in [[Chinatown]] and [[Punjabi Market]].

African Americans have held the positions of Mayor in Seattle; King County executive, while the state of Washington elected a [[Chinese American]] governor during the 1990s, [[Gary Locke (politician)|Gary Locke]].

British Columbians of many ethnicities are prominent in all levels of politics and government, and the province has a number of "firsts" in Canadian political history, including the first non-white and Asian [[Premier of British Columbia|Premier]], [[Ujjal Dosanjh]] (who is [[Indo-Canadian]]) and the first Asian [[Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia|Lieutenant-Governor]], the Hon. [[David Lam (real estate entrepreneur)|David Lam]]. The Lieutenant-Governor from 2007 to 2012, [[Steven Point]], was of aboriginal origin, being [[Stó:lō]] (the dominant type of [[Coast Salish peoples|Coast Salish]] in BC's Lower Mainland) from the [[Chilliwack]] area. The leader of the opposition party from 2005 to 2011, the [[British Columbia New Democratic Party|NDP]], was [[Carole James]], of partial [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] origin. Colonial governor [[James Douglas (governor)|James Douglas]] was himself [[mulatto]] of Guyanese extraction<!--Barbadian?--> and his wife was of [[Cree]] origin.

Oregon has been a national leader concerning [[LGBT]] representation in government. At the time of his election to the office of Portland mayor in 2008, [[Sam Adams (Oregon politician)|Sam Adams]] was the first openly gay individual to represent a city of Portland's size in the United States. In [[Silverton, Oregon]], the same year, [[Stu Rasmussen]] was elected the first [[transgender]] mayor in U.S. history. The first two LGBT state supreme court justices in the country both sit on the [[Oregon Supreme Court]]. At the time of her election, the previous [[Governor of Oregon]] [[Kate Brown]] was the highest-ranking openly [[bisexual]] politician in the United States. The current governor is [[Tina Kotek]], who became one of the first two openly lesbian women elected governor of a U.S. state after her election in 2022. In 2017, [[Jenny Durkan]] was elected as the first openly lesbian mayor of Seattle.

===Language===
Most Americans and Canadians consider the [[Pacific Northwest English]] accent "neutral", though distinct from the Midwestern dialects that some believe typify American speech.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Devlin | first=Thomas Moore | title=The United States Of Accents: Pacific Northwest English | website=Babbel Magazine | date=July 17, 2018 | url=https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/pacific-northwest-english/ | access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | last=Kang | first=Martha | last2=Pailthorp | first2=Bellamy | title=Listen: Can You Pick Out The Northwest Accent? (And Yes, We Have One!) | website=KNKX | date=October 15, 2014 | url=https://www.knkx.org/post/listen-can-you-pick-out-northwest-accent-and-yes-we-have-one | access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | last=Wang | first=Deborah | title=Do Pacific Northwesterners Have An Accent? | website=KUOW News and Information | date=December 14, 2014 | url=http://archive.kuow.org/post/do-pacific-northwesterners-have-accent | access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref> It possess the low back vowel merger, or the [[cot–caught merger]]. [[Canadian raising]] occurs in British Columbia and some speakers in Washington to a similar degree as it does in [[southern Ontario]], but weaker than other parts of Canada. The [[California Vowel Shift]] also affects speech in the region.

[[Chinook Jargon]] was a [[pidgin]] or [[trade language]] established among [[Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast|indigenous inhabitants of the region]]. After contact with Europeans, French, English, and [[Cree language|Cree]] words entered the language, and "eventually, Chinook became the lingua franca for as many as 250,000 people along the Pacific Slope from Alaska to Oregon".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thetyee.ca/Life/2006/01/10/StillSpeakChinook/ |title=Can We Still Speak Chinook? |work=Thetyee.ca |date=January 10, 2006 |access-date=February 19, 2011}}</ref> Chinook Jargon reached its height of usage in the 19th century, though remained common in resource and wilderness areas, particularly, but not exclusively, by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and [[First Nations in Canada|Canadian First Nations]] people, well into the 20th century. Today, its influence is felt mostly in [[place name]]s and a handful of localized [[slang]] terms, particularly the word ''[[skookum]]'', which remains hallmark of people raised in the region.

French was the [[voyageurs]]' working language of the early continental crossover exploration crews. The ensuing fur trade was dominated by French Canadian (and Métis) workers. The language held on South of the border in a few early settlements such as [[French Prairie]], [[Frenchtown, Washington|Frenchtown (Washington)]], [[Frenchtown, Montana|Frenchtown (Montana)]], [[Cowlitz Prairie]], and [[French Settlement, Oregon|French Settlement]]. These early settlements got resupplied through waves of new arrivals from the [[Oregon Trail]] attracted by the language and Catholics communities. Much of it ended up assimilating to the melting pot or sometimes folding into [[Indian reservation|reservations]]. New waves of French speaking workers came in later on to work in forestry and wood mills such as [[Maillardville]] in the [[greater Vancouver]] area. French remains much used in [[place name]]s, in the documentation of products intended for North America (along with Spanish and English), as well as an official language in Canada. French schooling is also popular in [[Western Canada]], including British Columbia.

Besides English and indigenous languages, [[Chinese language|Chinese]] has been common since the [[gold rush]]es of the mid-19th century, most particularly in British Columbia. Since the 1980s, [[Taishanese]], a [[Yue dialect]] predominant in the area, has been replaced by mainstream [[Cantonese]] and by [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] because of large-scale immigration from Asia. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is also common in British Columbia, specifically in Greater Vancouver and the [[Fraser Valley]] owing to the large [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] population in the region, first arriving in the late 19th century.<ref name=WaltonRobertsThreeReadingsp316>Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 1998. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Archive]). In ''[[Urban Geography]]'', Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI [https://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311] - [https://www.academia.edu/1419124/Three_readings_of_the_turban_Sikh_identity_in_Greater_Vancouver Available at] [[Academia.edu]] and at [[ResearchGate]]. p. 316.</ref> [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is also spoken in parts of Oregon and Washington as well as British Columbia by [[Mexicans]] and other Hispanics, both recent immigrants and long-standing communities.

===Spirituality and religion===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Religion in the Pacific Northwest
|-
! Religion
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |British Columbia ([[2021 Canadian census|2021]])<ref name="canadareligion">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=British%20Columbia&DGUIDlist=2021A000259&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Washington (2014 [[estimate|est]].)<ref name="pewwashington">{{Cite web  |title=Religious Landscape Study-Adults in Washington|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/state/washington/|access-date=August 19, 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Oregon (2014 [[estimate|est]].)<ref name="peworegon">{{Cite web  |title=Religious Landscape Study-Adults in Oregon|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/state/oregon/|access-date=August 19, 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Idaho (2014 [[estimate|est]].)<ref name="pewidaho">{{Cite web  |title=Religious Landscape Study-Adults in Idaho |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/state/idaho/|access-date=August 19, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! Affiliation
! colspan="8"|% of population
|-
| [[Christian]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 34||2||background:darkblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 61||2||background:darkblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 61||2||background:darkblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 67||2||background:darkblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|10||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|40||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|43||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Catholic]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 12||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 17||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 12||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 10||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Mormon]]
|align=right| <1
|
|align=right| {{bartable| 3||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 4||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 19||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 2||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| <1
|
|align=right| <1
|
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| <1
|
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Christian/Not Specified
|align=right| {{bartable|11||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| <1
|
|-
| [[Irreligious|Unaffiliated]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 52||2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 33||2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 32||2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 28||2||background:purple}}
|-
| Non-Christian
|align=right| {{bartable|14||2||background:darkgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable|6||2||background:darkgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable|7||2||background:darkgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Sikh]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 6||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| <1
|
|align=right| <1
|
|align=right| <1
|
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Muslim]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 3||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| <1
|
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Buddhist]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 2||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| <1
|
|align=right| <1
|
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Hindu]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 2||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| <1
|
|align=right| <1
|
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Jewish]]
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 1||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable| 2||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| <1
|
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other faith
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable|3||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:lightgreen}}
|align=right| {{bartable|2||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| '''Total''' 
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
The Pacific Northwest has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of [[atheists|atheism]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religionatlas.org/religion_region/COASTALNORTHWEST.htm |title=Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest |work=Religionatlas.org |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110025/http://www.religionatlas.org/religion_region/COASTALNORTHWEST.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/2002/2002-03-07-no-religion.htm | work=USA Today | title=Charting the unchurched in America | date=March 7, 2002 | access-date=May 20, 2010}}</ref> this is most pronounced on the part of the region west of the Cascades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_prac2.htm |title=Religious identification in the U.S |work=Religioustolerance.org |access-date=February 19, 2011 |archive-date=October 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005071548/http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_prac2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A recent study indicates that one quarter of those in Washington and Oregon have no religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://livinginliminality.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/aris_report_2008.pdf|title=American Religious Identification Survey|date=March 2009}}</ref> Similarly, according to the 2011 National Household Survey, 44% of British Columbia residents reported no religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=National Household Survey|year=2011}}</ref>

Religion plays a smaller part in Pacific Northwest politics than in the rest of the United States. The [[Christian right|religious right]] has considerably less political influence than in other regions. Political conservatives in the Pacific Northwest tend to identify more strongly with free-market [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] values than they do with more religious [[social conservatives]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vance |first=Chris |url=http://www.crosscut.com/politics-government/5511/ |title=Crosscut Seattle – Why Washington Republicans got creamed in 2006 and what they can do about it |work=[[Crosscut.com]] |date=July 24, 2007 |access-date=August 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729200355/http://www.crosscut.com/politics-government/5511/ |archive-date=July 29, 2012 }}</ref>

That said, three of the four major international [[charities]] in the region are religious in nature: [[World Concern]], [[World Vision International]], and [[Mercy Corps]]. This is part of a long tradition of activist religion. The [[Skid Road]] Group, a shelter offering soup and sermons to the [[unemployment|unemployed]] and recovering [[alcoholics]], was launched in Vancouver, with the [[Salvation Army]] having deep roots in the [[Gastown]] district, dating back to the era of the construction of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] (1880s) and attained prominence in the same centers during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]].

The region is also known as a magnet for a wide range of philosophical and spiritual belief systems. Eastern spiritual beliefs have been adopted by an unusually large number of people (by North American standards), and [[Tibetan Buddhism]] in particular has a strong local following.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/us/11seattle.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | newspaper=The New York Times | title=Dalai Lama Arrives for a Five-Day Conference in Seattle, Very Much His Kind of Town | first=William | last=Yardley | date=April 11, 2008 | access-date=May 20, 2010}}</ref> The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association, claimed to be the largest organization of its kind in the world, was founded in Portland in 1993.

The region is home to many unique Christian communities, ranging from the [[Doukhobors]] to the [[Mennonites]]. The Mennonite Central Committee Supportive Care Services is based in the British Columbia city of Abbotsford.<ref>[http://www.mccscs.com/cms/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=9 Mennonite Central Committee Supportive Care Services] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819235828/http://www.mccscs.com/cms/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=9 |date=August 19, 2006 }}</ref> The [[Mennonite Central Committee]] and the [[Mennonite Disaster Service]] enjoy a heavy rate of enlistment and donations from the strong Mennonite community in British Columbia's [[Fraser Valley]]. The Doukhobors, whose church is the Union of Spiritual Communities of Christ, are a Russian [[Anabaptist]] sect whose migration to Canada was aided by Count [[Leo Tolstoy]], and who are today focused in the [[West Kootenay]] and [[Boundary Country|Boundary]] regions of Southeastern British Columbia. Their history in Canada includes resistance to state education and industrial development (see [[Sons of Freedom (political group)|Sons of Freedom]]). Also, within the region, there is a fairly strong representation of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] churches (Greek, Russian, Serbian, and others), as well as the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]. Oregon's [[Willamette Valley]] has a large population of [[Old Believers|Russian Old Believers]].<ref>[http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=764E6BED-FFC4-C034-9A5563F41CE37080 Oregon Historical Society article about Old Believers]. Retrieved February 9, 2007.</ref> Religious sees that are based in the Pacific Northwest include the Roman Catholic [[ecclesiastical province]]s of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon|Portland]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seattle|Seattle]], and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vancouver|Vancouver]], [[Province 8 of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America]], the Anglican [[Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia and Yukon]], and the [[suffragan]] dioceses that make up those provinces.

Yogic teachings, Sufism, tribal and ancient beliefs and other philosophies are widely studied and appreciated in the region. The [[Lower Mainland]] of British Columbia has a very large [[Sikhism|Sikh]] community. Oregon has a considerable [[Quakers|Quaker]] ([[Society of Friends]]) population. There has been major growth in [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Buddhist]] temples since the increase in immigration from [[East Asia]] in the 1980s, especially in Vancouver.

Also in Vancouver, there is a small [[Hindu]] population, a number of Parsee ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]), and an emerging [[Islam|Muslim]], especially the 11,000-strong [[Ismaili]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Ismaili Success: Made in Vancouver| date=July 2, 2006| url=https://www.bcbusiness.ca/ismaili-success-made-in-vancouver}}</ref> population from [[South Asia]], the Middle East, Africa, the Balkans, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere.

Two of the five [[Shingon]] Buddhist temples in America are in Seattle.<ref name="Lee Matsuoka Yee Nakasone 2015 p. 883">{{cite book | last1=Lee | first1=J.H.X. | last2=Matsuoka | first2=F. | last3=Yee | first3=E. | last4=Nakasone | first4=R.Y. | title=Asian American Religious Cultures  | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-59884-331-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taNZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA794 | page=794}}</ref>

Some people in the area also embrace alternative [[religion]], such as [[New Age]] spirituality and [[Neo-Paganism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/Story?id=184701&page=1 |title=ABC News: School Says Halloween Disrespectful to Witches |work=ABC News |date=October 21, 2004 |access-date=February 19, 2011}}</ref> A [[New Thought]] church called [[Living Enrichment Center]] with 4,000 members was in [[Wilsonville, Oregon]], from 1992 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-3209-the_prophet_margin.html |title=the Prophet margin |author=Janine Robben |work=wweek.com |date=May 19, 2004 |access-date=November 22, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Brother Twelve]] ran a controversial commune in the [[Gulf Islands]] of British Columbia early in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Nanaimo Daily News | date=February 14, 1987 | page=3 | last=MacMillan | first=Neil | title=Wardill recalls Brother XII | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/nanaimo-daily-news-broxii-nanaimo/130053706/}}</ref>
* The [[Emissaries of Divine Light]] are a notable presence in the region of [[100 Mile House]], British Columbia and also have a large ashram on [[Kootenay Lake]], northeast of [[Nelson, British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Province | location=Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | date=August 8, 1970 | page=61 | title=The village that lives in the shadow of a cult | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-kootenay-cult/130053862/}}</ref>
* The followers of the Guru [[Rajneesh]], the ''[[sannyasins]]'', established a center for their beliefs and lifestyle near [[Antelope, Oregon]], which included an [[ashram]] complex as well as, for a while, an attempted takeover of the local economy.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Statesman Journal | location= Salem, Oregon  | last=Shay | first=Ted | date=May 29, 1983 | page=41 | title=Legislative action asked in Antelope-Rajneesh impasse | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/statesman-journal-rajneesh-antelope/130054497/}}</ref>
* The training school of the immortal (according to the organization) being [[Ramtha]] is headquartered in [[Yelm, Washington]].<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The News Tribune | location=Tacoma, Washington| last1=Larson | first1=Gary | last2=Merryman | first2=Kathleen | date=March 29, 1987 | page=1 | title=Ramtha teachings paying off for J. Z. Knight | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-tribune-ramtha-yale/130053970/}}</ref>
* [[Eckhart Tolle]], author of ''[[The Power of Now]]'', lives in Vancouver, British Columbia.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Calgary Herald | date=February 27, 1999 | page=113 | last=Legge | first=Gordon | title=Spiritual guide blissed by joy of Being | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald-tolle-vancouver/130054080/}}</ref>
* [[Neale Donald Walsch]], author of ''[[Conversations with God]]'', lives in Ashland, Oregon, where he runs a retreat center.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The News Tribune | location= Tacoma, Washington   | date=September 2, 2000 | page=17 | last=Maynard | first=Steve | title=God speaks to all who listen, author says | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-tribune-walsch-retreat/130054196/}}</ref>