Editing Organ (music) (section)

=== Electronic and electromechanical organs ===
{{Main article|Electric organ}}
Since the 1930s, pipeless electric instruments have been available to produce similar sounds and perform similar roles to pipe organs. Many of these have been bought both by houses of worship and other potential pipe organ customers, and also by many musicians both professional and amateur for whom a pipe organ would not be a possibility. Far smaller and cheaper to buy than a corresponding pipe instrument, and in many cases portable, they have taken organ music into private homes and into dance bands and other new environments, and have almost completely replaced the reed organ.

==== Hammond ====
{{Main article|Hammond organ}}
[[file:Hammond b3 con leslie 122.jpg|thumb|[[Hammond organ|Hammond]] B3 organ,<br />with [[Leslie speaker|Leslie]] 122 cabinet.]]
{{listen
| filename = Hammond_Organ_-_Model_A_Medley.ogg
| title = Medley
| description = [[List of musical medleys|Medley]] played with a 1935 [[Hammond organ]] with [[Leslie speaker|Leslie]] cabinet
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}
The [[Hammond organ]] was the first successful [[electric organ]], released in the 1930s. It used mechanical, rotating [[tonewheel]]s to produce the sound waveforms. Its system of [[Drawbars|drawbar]]s allowed for setting volumes for specific sounds, and it provided vibrato-like effects. The drawbars allow the player to choose volume levels. By emphasizing certain harmonics from the overtone series, desired sounds (such as 'brass' or 'string') can be imitated. Generally, the older Hammond drawbar organs had only preamplifiers and were connected to an external, amplified speaker. The [[Leslie speaker]], which rotates to create a distinctive [[tremolo]], became the most popular.

Though originally produced to replace organs in the church, the Hammond organ, especially the model B-3, became popular in [[jazz]], particularly [[soul jazz]], and in [[gospel music]]. Since these were the roots of [[rock and roll]], the Hammond organ became a part of the rock and roll sound. It was widely used in rock and popular music during the 1960s and 1970s by bands like [[Emerson, Lake and Palmer]], [[Procol Harum]], [[Santana (band)|Santana]] and [[Deep Purple]]. Its popularity resurged in pop music around 2000, in part due to the availability of [[clonewheel organ]]s that were light enough for one person to carry.

==== Allen ====
{{Main article|Allen organ}}
In contrast to Hammond's electro-mechanical design, Allen Organ Company introduced the first totally electronic organ in 1938, based on the stable oscillator designed and patented by the company's founder, Jerome Markowitz.<ref name=MarkowitzPatent>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2190078A/en|title=Low frequency oscillator|website=Patents.google.com|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> Allen continued to advance analog tone generation through the 1960s with additional patents.<ref name=AllenOrganPatents>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.justia.com/search?q=Allen+Organ+Company|title=Search Patents - Justia Patents Search|website=Patents.justia.com|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> In 1971, in collaboration with North American Rockwell,<ref name=AllenNorthAmericanRockwell>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allenorgan.com/www/company/museum/dig1.html|title=Allen Organ collaborative effort with North American Rockwell|website=Allenorgan.com|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022032233/https://www.allenorgan.com/www/company/museum/dig1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Allen introduced the world's first commercially available digital musical instrument. The first Allen Digital Organ is now in the Smithsonian Institution.<ref name=AllenCongressionalRecord>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2010/9/29/extensions-of-remarks-section/article/e1778-3|title=Congressional Record Extensions of Remarks Articles|website=Congress.gov|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref>

==== Other analogue electronic ====
[[file:Voxcontinental.jpg|thumb|A [[Vox Continental]] combo organ.]]
[[Frequency divider organ]]s used [[oscillator]]s instead of mechanical parts to make sound. These were even cheaper and more portable than the Hammond. They featured an ability to bend [[Pitch (music)|pitches]].

From the 1940s up until the 1970s, small organs were sold that simplified traditional organ stops. These instruments can be considered the predecessor to modern portable [[Musical Keyboard|keyboards]], as they included one-touch chords, rhythm and accompaniment devices, and other electronically assisted gadgets. [[Lowrey organ|Lowrey]] was the leading manufacturer of this type of organs in the smaller (spinet) instruments.

In the 1960s and 1970s, a type of simple, portable electronic organ called the [[combo organ]] was popular, especially with pop, [[Ska]] (in the late 1970s and early 1980s) and rock bands, and was a signature sound in the rock music of the period, such as [[The Doors]] and [[Iron Butterfly]]. The most popular combo organs were manufactured by [[Farfisa]] and [[Vox (musical equipment)|Vox]].

[[Conn-Selmer]] and [[Rodgers Instruments|Rodgers]], dominant in the market for larger instruments, also made electronic organs that used [[Electronic organ#Separate oscillators|separate oscillators]] for each note rather than frequency dividers, giving them a richer sound, closer to a pipe organ, due to the slight imperfections in tuning.

[[Electronic organ#Pipe/electronic hybrid organs|Hybrids]], starting in the early 20th century,<ref name=TheIllustrationNewspaper1934>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001RH0B68 Synthetic Radio Organ Church Diagram French Print 1934], The ILlustration Newspaper of 1934, Paris</ref> incorporate a few ranks of pipes to produce some sounds, and use electronic circuits or digital samples for other sounds and to resolve borrowing collisions. Major manufacturers include [[Allen Organ|Allen]], Walker, [[John Compton (organ builder)|Compton]], Wicks, Marshall & Ogletree, Phoenix, Makin Organs, Wyvern Organs and [[Rodgers Instruments|Rodgers]].

==== Digital ====
[[file:Nord Electro2 61keys.jpg|thumb|A modern digital organ ([[Nord Electro|Nord Electro 2]]) utilizing [[physical modeling synthesis|modeling]] and [[Digital signal processor|DSP]] technology.]]
The development of the [[integrated circuit]] enabled another revolution in electronic keyboard instruments.
Digital organs sold since the 1970s utilize [[additive synthesis]], then [[sampling (music)|sampling technology]] (1980s) and [[physical modelling synthesis]] (1990s) are also utilized to produce the sound.

[[Electronic organ#Software pipe organs|Virtual pipe organs]] use [[MIDI]] to access samples of real pipe organs stored on a computer, as opposed to digital organs that use DSP and processor hardware inside a console to produce the sounds or deliver the sound samples. Touch screen monitors allows the user to control the virtual organ console; a traditional console and its physical stop and coupler controls is not required. In such a basic form, a virtual organ can be obtained at a much lower cost than other digital classical organs.