Editing Ophthalmology (section)

===Central Europe===
In Berlin, ophthalmologist [[Albrecht von Graefe (ophthalmologist)|Albrecht von Graefe]] introduced [[iridectomy]] as a treatment for glaucoma and improved cataract surgery, he is also considered the founding father of the German Ophthalmological Society.

Numerous ophthalmologists fled Germany after 1933 as the Nazis began to persecute those of Jewish descent. A representative leader was [[Joseph Igersheimer]] (1879–1965), best known for his discoveries with arsphenamine for the treatment of syphilis. He fled to [[Turkey]] in 1933. As one of eight emigrant directors in the Faculty of Medicine at the [[University of Istanbul]], he built a modern clinic and trained students. In 1939, he went to the United States, becoming a professor at [[Tufts University]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Namal Arin, Reisman Arnold | year = 2007 | title = Joseph Igersheimer (1879–1965): A Visionary Ophthalmologist and his Contributions before and after Exile | journal = Journal of Medical Biography | volume = 15 | issue = 4| pages = 227–234 | doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-63| pmid = 18172563 | s2cid = 45604124 }}</ref> German ophthalmologist, [[Gerhard Meyer-Schwickerath]] is widely credited with developing the predecessor of laser coagulation, photocoagulation.

In 1946, Igersheimer conducted the first experiments on light coagulation. In 1949, he performed the first successful treatment of a retinal detachment with a light beam (light coagulation) with a self-constructed device on the roof of the ophthalmic clinic at the [[University of Hamburg|University of Hamburg-Eppendorf]].<ref name="Goes">{{Cite book|title=Eye in history|last=Goes|first=Frank|date=2013|publisher=Jaypee Brothers|isbn=9789350902745|location=New Delhi|oclc=813930522}}</ref><ref name="Boyd">{{Cite book|title=Modern ophthalmology : the highlights : the account of a master wintnessing a 60 year epoch of evolution and progress (1950-2010)|last=Boyd|first=Benjamin|date=2010|publisher=Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers|isbn=9789962678168|location=Panama|oclc=720191230}}</ref>

Polish ophthalmology dates to the thirteenth century. The Polish Ophthalmological Society was founded in 1911. A representative leader was [[Adam Zamenhof]] (1888–1940), who introduced certain diagnostic, surgical, and nonsurgical eye-care procedures. He was executed by the German Nazis in 1940.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wincewicz Andrzej|display-authors=etal| year = 2009 | title = Dr Adam Zamenhof (1888-1940) and his insight into ophthalmology | journal = Journal of Medical Biography | volume = 17 | issue = 1| pages = 18–22 | doi=10.1258/jmb.2008.008037 | pmid=19190194|s2cid=46308292}}</ref>

Zofia Falkowska (1915–93) head of the Faculty and Clinic of Ophthalmology in Warsaw from 1963 to 1976, was the first to use lasers in her practice.