Editing Nippur (section)

=== Tell Dlehim ===
The nearby site of Dlehim (Dulaihim, Delehem, Dlehem, Dlihim) is about 40 hectares in area, separated in eastern and western sections by an ancient 50 meter wide canal bed, and currently described as being 2.5 meters in height. It lies about 21 kilometers south of Nippur and about ten kilometers south of Drehem. The site was visited by [[John Punnett Peters]] in 1889 and (believing it was Drehem) by [[Edgar James Banks]] in 1903.<ref name="Peters1" /><ref>[https://archive.org/download/cu31924028551913/cu31924028551913.pdf] Banks, Edgar James, "Bismya; Or The Lost City of Adab: A Story of Adventure, of Exploration, and of Excavation Among the Ruins of the Oldest of the Buried Cities of Babylonia", GP Putnam's Sons, 1912</ref> It was first examined (along with Drehem) in 1925 by Raymond P. Dougherty on behalf of the American Schools of Oriental Research. The mound at the time rose to 25 feet above the plain and was fairly unremarkable with some baked bricks and flint saw-blades.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3768498.pdf | jstor=3768498 | title=Searching for Ancient Remains in Lower 'Irâq: Report of an Archaeological Survey Made in Southern Babylonia during the First Quarter of 1926 | last1=Dougherty | first1=Raymond P. | journal=The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research | date=1925 | volume=7 | pages=1–93 | doi=10.2307/3768498 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.2307/1354958 | doi=10.2307/1354958 | jstor=1354958 | last1=Dougherty | first1=Raymond P. | title=An Archæological Survey in Southern Babylonia I | journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research | date=1926 | volume=23 | issue=23 | pages=15–28 }}</ref> In modern times it was surveyed by H. Fujii of the Kokushikan University of Tokyo in 1988. In the early days of archaeology it was often confused with the nearby Drehem.<ref>Anonymous, "Dlihim", Iraq 51, pp. 254–255, 1989</ref> It covers an area of 36 hectares and was occupied in the Ur III period.<ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Al-Hussainy, Abbas, Benati, Giacomo, Luglio, Giampaolo, Scazzosi, Giulia, Valeri, Marco and Zaina, Federico, "The Rise of Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-Layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 214-237, 2019</ref> The site has been suggested as the location of ancient [[Tummal]] (thought to be the source of the [[Tummal Inscription]]).<ref>Yoshikawa, M., "Looking for Tummal, ASJ 11, pp. 285–291, 1989</ref><ref name="Steinkeller2001">Steinkeller, P, "New light on the hydrology and topography of southern Babylonia in the third millennium", ZA 91, pp. 22–84, 2001</ref> Tummal played a primary political role in the Ur III period.<ref>Steinkeller, P., "The employment of labor on national building projects in the Ur III period", In P. Steinkeller & M. Hudson (Eds.), Labor in the ancient world: A colloquium held at Hirschbach (Saxony), April 2005. The International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economies 5, pp. 137–236, 2015</ref> In 2016 the QADIS survey project, carried out an aerial and surface survey of the site. Four bricks (three re-used for a later drain and one in a temple area) of Ur III ruler [[Amar-Sin]] were found at the site. Extended traces of Ur III period buildings including an oval temple with central terrace were detected by drone flights and surface surveys. The presence of modern military berms were also noted.<ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Al-Hussainy, Abbas, Benati, Giacomo, Luglio, Giampaolo, Scazzosi, Giulia, Valeri, Marco and Zaina, Federico., "The Rise of Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-Layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 214-237, 2019</ref><ref>[https://site.unibo.it/eduu/en/work-package-1-archaeological-cultural-and-environmental-research/results/nea83-3-marchetti-post-print.pdf/@@download/file/NEA83.3%20Marchetti%20post-print.pdf] Marchetti, Nicolò, and Federico Zaina, "Rediscovering the Heartland of Cities", Near Eastern Archaeology 83, pp. 146-157, 2020</ref><ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Berthold Einwag, Abbas al-Hussainy, Elena Leoni, Giampaolo Luglio, Gianni Marchesi, Adelheid Otto, Giulia Scazzosi, Marco Valeri, and Federico Zaina, "QADIS. The 2016 Iraqi-Italian survey season in the Southeastern Region of Qadisiyah. Sumer 63, pp. 63–92, 2017</ref><ref>Marchetti, Nicolò, Giacomo Benati, Abbas al-Hussainy, Giampaolo Luglio, Marco Valeri, Giulia Scazzosi, and Federico Zaina, "The Rise of Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 109, pp. 214–37, 2019</ref> The Qadis survey, through imagery and sounding, determined that the site had a 150 meter by 80 meter harbor.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gea.21992 | doi=10.1002/gea.21992 | title=Development of water management strategies in southern Mesopotamia during the fourth and third millennium B.C.E. | date=2024 | last1=Mantellini | first1=Simone | last2=Picotti | first2=Vincenzo | last3=Al-Hussainy | first3=Abbas | last4=Marchetti | first4=Nicolò | last5=Zaina | first5=Federico | journal=Geoarchaeology | volume=39 | issue=3 | pages=268–299 | hdl=11585/963863 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> In 2019 the Oriental Institute of Chicago received permission to excavate at Dlehim and in 2022 preliminary excavation began.<ref name=":Alizadeh"/>