Editing Nine Inch Nails (section)

==Artistry==
===Musical style===
Nine Inch Nails has been described as incorporating [[alternative rock]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2015/12/18/trent-reznor-new-nine-inch-nails-2016/ |title=Trent Reznor promises new Nine Inch Nails in 2016 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=December 18, 2015 |last=Renner Brown |first=Eric |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051401/http://ew.com/article/2015/12/18/trent-reznor-new-nine-inch-nails-2016/ |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.radio.com/2016/04/07/13-alt-rock-acts-that-should-be-in-the-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/ |website=[[Radio.com]] |title=13 Alt-Rock Acts That Should Be In The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame |last=Ives |first=Brian |date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053217/http://news.radio.com/2016/04/07/13-alt-rock-acts-that-should-be-in-the-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/ |archive-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/britney-spears-gets-close-nine-inch-nails-wbna29187440 |title=Britney Spears gets close to Nine Inch Nails |date=February 13, 2009 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051906/https://www.today.com/popculture/britney-spears-gets-close-nine-inch-nails-wbna29187440 |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref> [[industrial rock]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/03/arts/pop-view-how-pop-music-lost-the-melody.html?pagewanted=all |title=Pop View – How Pop Music Lost the Melody |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Holden |first=Stephen |date=July 3, 1994 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053816/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/03/arts/pop-view-how-pop-music-lost-the-melody.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/jul/08/nione-inch-nails-beginners-guide |title=Nine Inch Nails: a beginner's guide |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Jon |last=Cronshaw |date=July 8, 2013 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051425/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/jul/08/nione-inch-nails-beginners-guide |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/top-most-influential-rock-bands-2898297 |title=Top 10 Most Influential Rock Bands |publisher=[[ThoughtCo]] |last=Grierson |first=Tim |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014130616/https://www.thoughtco.com/top-most-influential-rock-bands-2898297 |archive-date=October 14, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone Bio">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/nine-inch-nails/biography|title=Nine Inch Nails—Bio|first=Evan|last=Serpick|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=October 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025174825/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/nine-inch-nails/biography|archive-date=October 25, 2017}}</ref> [[industrial dance]],<ref name="AMG" /> [[industrial music|industrial]],<ref name="AMG" /><ref>{{cite magazine |title=My Back Pages |last=Klosterman |first=Chuck |date=March 2006 |volume=22 |number=3 |issn=0886-3032 |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |page=104}}</ref><ref name=Krajewski>{{cite web |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/an_essential_guide_to_nine_inch_nails |title=An Essential Guide to Nine Inch Nails |work=[[Exclaim!]] |last=Krajewski |first=Jill |date=June 7, 2016 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105015/https://exclaim.ca/music/article/an_essential_guide_to_nine_inch_nails |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref> [[electro-industrial]],{{sfn|Carr|2011|p=21}} [[industrial metal]],<ref>{{cite web|first=George|last=Pham |url=https://impact89fm.org/52037/music/closer-a-nine-inch-nails-concert-experience/|title=Closer-A Nine Inch Nails Concert Experience|date=November 6, 2018|access-date=July 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/industrial-metal-ma0000012276 |title=Industrial Metal Music Style Overview |work=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731093727/https://www.allmusic.com/style/industrial-metal-ma0000012276 |archive-date=July 31, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/30/nine-inch-nails-sell-instruments |title=Nine Inch Nails to sell 'hundreds of instruments' in eBay auction |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 30, 2009 |last=Michaels |first=Sean |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051704/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/nov/30/nine-inch-nails-sell-instruments |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref> [[electronic rock]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-nine-inch-nails-jimmy-kimmel-20131108-story.html |title=Watch Nine Inch Nails make their network TV debut with Jimmy Kimmel |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |last=Brown |first=August |date=November 8, 2013 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052428/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-nine-inch-nails-jimmy-kimmel-20131108-story.html |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rock Hardware |last1=Trynka |first1=Paul |last2=Bacon |first2=Tony |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |year=1996 |isbn=9780879304287 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rockhardware40ye00tryn/page/57 57] |url=https://archive.org/details/rockhardware40ye00tryn/page/57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Music |author=DK |publisher=Penguin |year=2013 |isbn=9781465421265 |page=337}}</ref> and [[alternative metal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/style/alternative-metal-ma0000012328|title=Alternative Metal Music Genre Overview|website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=McPadden|title= Alt-Metal A To Z: 26 Bands That Define The Genre |website= [[VH1]] |date= 8 September 2015 |access-date= 19 August 2022 |url= https://www.vh1.com/news/rjhh9u/alt-metal-a-to-z|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220604172058/https://www.vh1.com/news/rjhh9u/alt-metal-a-to-z|url-status= live|archive-date= June 4, 2022}}</ref> [[AllMusic]]'s Steve Huey states that "Nine Inch Nails were the most popular industrial group ever and were largely responsible for bringing the music to a mass audience".<ref name="AMG" /> Reznor has never referred to his own work as industrial music, but admits to borrowing techniques from such early industrial bands as [[Throbbing Gristle]] and [[Test Dept.]]<ref name="Axcess" /> Despite the disparity between those artists initially operating under the term "industrial" and Nine Inch Nails, it has become common in journalistic descriptions of Reznor's body of work to describe it as such. Reznor acknowledged in ''Spin'' magazine that "[[Down in It]]" was influenced by early [[Skinny Puppy]], particularly the band's song "[[Dig It (Skinny Puppy song)|Dig It]]"; other songs from ''Pretty Hate Machine'' and ''With Teeth'' have been described as [[synth-pop]].<ref name="NIN Spin 1996" />{{rp|35}}<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/nine-inch-nails-with-teeth | title=Nine Inch Nails: With Teeth | magazine=[[Slant Magazine]] | date=May 3, 2005 | access-date=December 31, 2015 | last=Cinquemani|first=Sal | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152217/http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/nine-inch-nails-with-teeth | archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14890-pretty-hate-machine/| title=Review: Pretty Hate Machine| publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]]| date=May 3, 2005| access-date=December 31, 2015|last=Breihan|first=Tom| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228212459/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14890-pretty-hate-machine/| archive-date=December 28, 2015}}</ref> Reviewing ''[[The Fragile]]'', critic Steve Cooper noted that the album juxtaposes widely varied genres, such as solo piano in "The Frail" and [[drum and bass]] elements in "[[Starfuckers, Inc.]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=NIN's New Effort Threads the Line Between Beauty and Destruction |first=Steve |last=Cooper |work=The Cavalier Daily |url=http://cavalierdaily.com/CVArticle.asp?ID=768&pid=469 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013123034/http://cavalierdaily.com/CVArticle.asp?ID=768&pid=469 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |date=September 24, 1999 |access-date=August 26, 2007}}</ref> [[Ambient music]] has been featured in some of Nine Inch Nails' music, including on ''Ghosts I–IV'' (which is specifically [[dark ambient]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.popmatters.com/nine-inch-nails-ghosts-i-iv-2496169332.html |title=Nine Inch Nails: Ghosts I-IV |last=Price |first=Marc A. |date=March 10, 2008 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053850/https://www.popmatters.com/nine-inch-nails-ghosts-i-iv-2496169332.html |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref> ''Hesitation Marks'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teamrock.com/feature/2016-10-10/every-nine-inch-nails-album-ranked-from-worst-to-best |title=Every Nine Inch Nails Album Ranked From Worst To Best |publisher=[[TeamRock]] |last=Chillingworth |first=Alec |date=October 10, 2016 |access-date=December 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052126/http://teamrock.com/feature/2016-10-10/every-nine-inch-nails-album-ranked-from-worst-to-best |archive-date=December 22, 2017 }}</ref> ''The Downward Spiral'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-downward-spiral-deluxe-edition/30526337 |title=The Downward Spiral (Deluxe Edition) by Nine Inch Nails on Apple Music |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=January 16, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061729/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-downward-spiral-deluxe-edition/30526337 |archive-date=January 7, 2018 }}</ref> ''The Slip'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thequietus.com/articles/13230-nine-inch-nails-hesitation-marks-review |title=Nine Inch Nails Hesitation Marks |work=[[The Quietus]] |last=Raggett |first=Ned |date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=December 21, 2017}}</ref> and ''The Fragile''.<ref name=Krajewski />

<div style="float: right;">
{{listen
| pos=right
| filename      = TDtWWA.ogg
| title         = "The Day the World Went Away"
| description   = 
| format        = [[Ogg]]
| filename2     = Closer.ogg
| title2        = "Closer"
| description2  = 
| format2       = [[Ogg]]
| filename3     = Nine Inch Nails - The Great Destroyer.ogg
| title3        = "The Great Destroyer"
| description3  = 
| format3       = [[Ogg]]
}}
</div>
Songs such as "[[Wish (Nine Inch Nails song)|Wish]]" and "[[The Day the World Went Away]]" exhibit terraced [[dynamics (music)|dynamics]]. Reznor's singing follows a similar pattern, frequently moving from whispers to screams. He also has used software to alter his voice in several songs, as evident in "Starfuckers, Inc." and "[[Burn (Nine Inch Nails song)|Burn]]". The band's music also occasionally contains complex [[time signatures]], notably in "The Collector" from ''With Teeth'' and concert favorite "[[March of the Pigs]]".<ref name = "PopMatters review" /><ref>{{Cite news| title = Arts reviews: Nine Inch Nails| work = [[The Independent]]| date = April 5, 2005| last = Nash |first=Rob}}</ref> Reznor uses [[noise (audio)|noise]] and distortion in his song arrangements and incorporates [[Consonance and dissonance|dissonance]] with [[chromatic]] melody and/or harmony.{{sfn|Huxley|1997|pp=171–172}} These techniques are all used in the song "[[Hurt (Nine Inch Nails song)|Hurt]]", which contains a highly dissonant [[tritone]] played on guitar during the verses, a B5#11, emphasized when Reznor sings the eleventh note on the word "I" every time the B/E# [[dyad (music)|dyad]] is played.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Reynolds, Tom| title = I Hate Myself and I Want to Die| page = 227| isbn = 978-1-86074-628-4| date = June 13, 2005| publisher = Sanctuary Publishing
}}</ref> "[[Closer (Nine Inch Nails song)|Closer]]" concludes with a chromatic piano [[Motif (music)|motif]]: the melody is debuted during the second verse of "[[Piggy (song)|Piggy]]" on organ, then reappears in power chords at [[drop D tuning]] throughout the chorus of "Heresy", while an inverted (ascending) version is used throughout "A Warm Place", and then recurs in its original state for the final time on "The Downward Spiral".<ref name = "PopMatters review" />

On ''The Fragile'', Reznor revisits the technique of repeating a motif multiple times throughout different songs, either on a different musical instrument with a transposed harmony or in an altered tempo.<ref>{{cite web| title = The Fragile| publisher = Lollipop Online| url = http://www.lollipop.com/archive_temp.php3?content=issue50/50-04a-13.php3| date = May 2000| author = Marburger, Lex| access-date = December 20, 2006| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801070725/http://www.lollipop.com/archive_temp.php3?content=issue50%2F50-04a-13.php3| archive-date = August 1, 2013}}</ref> Many of the songs on ''[[Year Zero (album)|Year Zero]]'' contain an extended instrumental ending, which encompasses the entire second half of the three-minute long "The Great Destroyer". AllMusic's review described the album's laptop-mixed sound: "Guitars squall against glitches, beeps, pops, and blotches of blurry sonic attacks. Percussion looms large, distorted, organic, looped, screwed, spindled and broken."<ref name="AMG review">{{cite web| url = {{AllMusic|class=album|id=r1039249/review|pure_url=yes}}| website = [[AllMusic]]| title = Nine Inch Nails – Year Zero| access-date = March 13, 2008}}</ref> 

===Lyrical themes===
Lyrical themes found in Nine Inch Nails songs are largely concerned with dark explorations of the self ranging from religion, greed, fame, lust, addiction, self-deception, aging, regret, and [[nihilism]].{{sfn|Huxley|1997|pp=44–46}} Occasionally, the lyrics depart from their introspective nature to deal with a topic like politics, which is the focus of ''Year Zero''.<ref name="Best Buy bonus interview"/> Three Nine Inch Nails albums are [[concept album]]s: ''The Downward Spiral'', ''The Fragile'', and ''Year Zero''. The album ''[[With Teeth]]'' was originally set to be a concept album about an endless dream occurring in reality, but Reznor eventually took this idea out of the record.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=69127| publisher = BLABBERMOUTH.NET| title = 'Year Zero' Not NINE INCH NAILS' First Attempt At Concept Album| access-date = January 2, 2010| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080116173303/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=69127| archive-date = January 16, 2008}}</ref>

===Influences===
{{Multiple image
| image1            = Gary Numan playing.jpg
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 350
| image2            = Eagles.jpg
| footer            = [[Gary Numan]] and the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]] are among Nine Inch Nails' early influences.
}}
Reznor's earliest influence was the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]], whom he has cited as inspiring him to form a band. He would later recall, "The first concert I ever saw was the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]] in 1976. The excitement of the night struck a chord with me and I remember thinking, 'Someday I'd love to be up on that stage.'"<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kerrang!]]|date=1 July 2000|url=https://www.theninhotline.com/archives/textarch/article/kerrang070100.html|title=Trent Reznor Comes Clean}}</ref> Another major inspiration for the band is [[Gary Numan]]; Reznor has said that "after hearing '[[Cars (song)|Cars]]' I knew I wanted to make music with synthesizers".<ref name=mervis_gazette>{{cite news|last1=Mervis|first1=Scott|title=Synth-rock pioneer Gary Numan adds a shot of industrial power|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2014/03/20/Synth-rock-pioneer-Gary-Numan-adds-a-shot-of-industrial-power/stories/201403200114|access-date=January 2, 2015|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118010700/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2014/03/20/Synth-rock-pioneer-Gary-Numan-adds-a-shot-of-industrial-power/stories/201403200114|archive-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref> Other influences include [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]] and [[Skinny Puppy]], which helped shape 1989's ''Pretty Hate Machine''.<ref name=AMG /> The album's liner notes also paid tribute to [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] and [[Prince (musician)|Prince]].<ref name=wapo_klein>{{cite news|last1=Klein|first1=Joshua|title=Nine Inch Nails' Body Of Work Gains 'Teeth'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/03/AR2005050301368.html|access-date=December 17, 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 4, 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217100338/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/03/AR2005050301368.html|archive-date=December 17, 2014}}</ref> The 2005 single "[[Only (Nine Inch Nails song)|Only]]" exemplifies the disco-style beats and synthesizers drawn from Numan's persuasion.<ref name=wapo_klein /> Other artists of significance to Nine Inch Nails include acts such as [[Depeche Mode]],<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/trent-reznor-tony-hawk-talk-depeche-mode-fandom-112324/ |title= Trent Reznor, Tony Hawk Talk Depeche Mode Fandom |magazine= Rolling Stone |date= 11 May 2017 |access-date= 11 May 2017}}</ref> [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[King Crimson]], [[Devo]],<ref>Scaggs, Austin, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/trent-reznor-we-finally-put-new-metal-back-where-it-belongs-20051117 "Trent Reznor: 'We Finally Put New Metal Back Where It Belongs'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905110438/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/trent-reznor-we-finally-put-new-metal-back-where-it-belongs-20051117 |date=September 5, 2017 }}, ''Rolling Stone'', November 17, 2005.</ref> [[the Cure]], [[Joy Division]], [[U2]], [[Bauhaus (band)|Bauhaus]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portraitofdecay.com/nin.com/tr/index2006.html |title=TR Updates from Trent – Entry 03-23-2006 |website=Nin.com |date=23 March 2006 |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211220831/http://www.portraitofdecay.com/nin.com/tr/index2006.html |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=live|quote=Bauhaus has been a major influence of mine over the years. Their sound, look and style made me want to start a band. One of the first tours we were on was with Peter Murphy – a hero of mine. To share the stage with these guys now is truly an honor. }}<br />{{cite web |first1=Wilbert L. |last1=Cooper |title=Trent Reznor Talks About Making It Out of the Midwest |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nine-inch-nails-trent-reznor-on-making-it-out-of-the-midwest-456/ |website=Vice |publisher=Vice Media LLC. |access-date=30 March 2020 |date=15 January 2015 |quote=The other important thing that happened when I went to college was I finally had access to college radio. I never realized how much shit was out there. I discovered Bauhaus after they'd broken up and Joy Division and Throbbing Gristle and tons of shit that I just didn't know existed. You know that feeling where you find a new band you haven't heard of, then you discover them and you realize they have like three albums out? To me that's a great feeling because you can't wait to digest and absorb them. Well, that was happening with, like, 30 bands to me in college. It felt very inspiring to be a music fan.}}</ref> [[Adam Ant]],<ref name=wapo_klein /> [[Coil (band)|Coil]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Quietus {{!}} Features {{!}} Trent Reznor On Coil & Nine Inch Nails, Plus Recoiled Review|url=https://thequietus.com/articles/14600-trent-reznor-interview-coil-nine-inch-nails|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Quietus|date=February 27, 2014 |language=en-us}}</ref> and [[Soft Cell]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reznor|first1=Trent|title=Radio One Rock Show hosted by Trent Reznor|url=http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=88|website=The NIN Hotline|date=April 5, 2005|access-date=May 23, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022213807/http://www.theninhotline.net/archives/articles/manager/display_article.php?id=88|archive-date=October 22, 2012}}</ref>  Reznor and Vrenna saw [[Jane's Addiction]] in 1988 during the making of ''Pretty Hate Machine'' and were influenced by the live presentation and raw rock sound of the band.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3skqyLqDoA&t=421s Tetragrammaton with Rick Rubin] Interview with Trent Reznor, 2023-06-16.</ref>

Reznor has toured with some of his influences, including a brief tour opening for Skinny Puppy in 1988.<ref name=AMG /><ref name=sfgate_dushane>{{cite news|last1=DuShane|first1=Tony|title=Skinny Puppy / Among industrial music band's fans are Trent Reznor and Marilyn Manson, and once you're in, it's a lifelong commitment|url=http://www.sfgate.com/thingstodo/article/Skinny-Puppy-Among-industrial-music-band-s-fans-2585209.php|access-date=December 17, 2014|work=[[San Francisco Gate]]|date=June 21, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909005838/http://www.sfgate.com/thingstodo/article/Skinny-Puppy-Among-industrial-music-band-s-fans-2585209.php|archive-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref> In 1995, Nine Inch Nails went on tour with [[David Bowie]], who, along with [[Pink Floyd]], had been a significant influence on ''[[The Downward Spiral]]''.<ref name=AMG /> In 2006, Nine Inch Nails went on tour with Bauhaus, on their Summer Amphitheatre Tour.<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.nin.com/tour/previous4.html
 |title       = Nine Inch Nails: Live: With Teeth 2006 (5_06 – 7_06)
 |publisher   = Nine Inch Nails
 |access-date  = 2008-02-10
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080205073504/http://www.nin.com/tour/previous4.html
 |archive-date = 2008-02-05
}}</ref>