Editing Neocolonialism (section)

== China ==
{{See also|Sino-African relations|Belt and Road Initiative|Sinicization}}
The [[People's Republic of China]] has built increasingly strong ties with some African, Asian, European and Latin American nations which has led to accusations of colonialism,<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia Times Online :: China News – Military backs China's Africa adventure |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/IF08Ad02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721210713/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/china/if08ad02.html |archive-date=July 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 14, 2006 |title=Mbeki warns on China-Africa ties |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6178897.stm }}</ref> As of August 2007, an estimated 750,000 Chinese nationals were working or living for extended periods in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/17/africa/malawi.php }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese imperialism in Africa &#124; International Communist Current |url=https://en.internationalism.org/wr/299/china-africa |website=en.internationalism.org}}</ref> In the 1980s and 90s, China continued to purchase natural resources—[[petroleum]] and minerals—from Africa to fuel the Chinese economy and to finance international business enterprises.<ref name="Oil">{{cite web |title=China in Africa |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208133749/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557 |archive-date=February 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 12, 2007 |title=Green Left – CHINA: Is China Africa's new imperialist power? |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2007/701/36384 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073050/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2007/701/36384 |archive-date=March 12, 2007}}</ref> In 2006, trade had increased to $50 billion expanding to $500 billion by 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 1, 2006 |title=Is China the new colonial power in Africa? |work=[[Taipei Times]] |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/11/01/2003334317 |access-date=August 27, 2021 }}</ref>

In Africa, China has loaned $95.5 billion to various countries between 2000 and 2015, the majority being spent on power generation and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bräutigam |first1=Deborah |date=April 12, 2018 |title=Opinion {{!}} U.S. politicians get China in Africa all wrong |language=en |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/04/12/china-africa/ |access-date=February 23, 2019 }}</ref> Cases in which this has ended with China acquiring foreign land have led to accusations of "[[debt-trap diplomacy]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beech |first1=Hannah |date=August 20, 2018 |title='We Cannot Afford This': Malaysia Pushes Back Against China's Vision |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/world/asia/china-malaysia.html }}</ref><ref name="SriLanka">{{cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |date=June 25, 2018 |title=How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/asia/china-sri-lanka-port.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mutua |first=Makau |title=Why China remains greatest threat to Kenya's sovereignty |work=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]] |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001315039/why-china-remains-greatest-threat-to-kenya-s-sovereignty |access-date=May 6, 2019 }}</ref> Other analysts say that China's activities "are goodwill for later investment opportunities or an effort to stockpile international support for contentious political issues".<ref>{{Cite web |title=China in Africa |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-africa |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> 

In 2018, [[Malaysia]]n Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] cancelled two China-funded projects. He also talked about fears of Malaysia becoming "indebted" and of a "new version of colonialism".<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 21, 2018 |title=Malaysia's Mahathir warns against 'new colonialism' during China visit |language=en-AU |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-21/mahathir-says-china-will-sympathise-with-malaysia-problems/10145750 |access-date=August 23, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahathir fears new colonialism, cancels 2 Chinese projects on Beijing visit |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/mahathir-fears-new-colonialism-cancels-2-chinese-projects-on-beijing-visit/articleshow/65493634.cms |access-date=August 23, 2018 }}</ref> He later clarified that he did not refer to the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] or China with this.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaipragas |first1=Bhavan |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Is China's belt and road colonialism? Mahathir: not at all |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2166693/chinas-belt-and-road-colonialism-mahathir-not-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Dr M: I didn't accuse the Chinese |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/dr-m-i-didnt-accuse-chinese |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124220015/http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/dr-m-i-didnt-accuse-chinese |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |access-date=November 24, 2018 |website=The Edge Markets}}</ref>

According to Mark Langan in 2017, China, Western actors, and other emerging powers pursue their own interests at the expense of African interests. Western actors depict China as a threat to Africa, while depicting European and American involvement in Africa as being virtuous.<ref name="Langan2017">{{cite book |last=Langan |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9M5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Neo-Colonialism and the Poverty of 'Development' in Africa |date=October 11, 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-58571-0 |pages=94–101 |quote=While the 'China Threat' discourse deployed by Western actors paints China as the 'other' in contrast to the apparently virtuous intervention of Europe and the USA, nevertheless, it would be misguided to maintain the opposite stance [...] It is important, however, to avoid the 'othering' of China as per the 'China Threat' discourse. China is not alone in the perpetuation of conditions of mal-governance and ill-being. Western actors—as well as other emerging powers—facilitate their own economic and political interests via aid and trade to the detriment of African sovereignty.}}</ref>