Editing Naples (section)

=== Other features ===
[[File:Interior of Galleria Umberto I. Naples, Campania, Italy, South Europe.jpg|thumb|Inside [[Galleria Umberto I]]|alt=|left]]
Aside from the Piazza del Plebiscito, Naples has two other major public squares: the [[Piazza Dante (Naples)|Piazza Dante]] and the [[Piazza dei Martiri]]. The latter originally had only a memorial to religious [[martyr]]s, but in 1866, after the [[Italian unification]], four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65 |publisher=INaples.it |title=Piazza Dei Martiri |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035628/http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=1 March 2008}}</ref>

The [[San Gennaro dei Poveri]] is a Renaissance-era hospital for the poor, erected by the Spanish in 1667. It was the forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the [[Ospedale L'Albergo Reale dei Poveri, Naples|Bourbon Hospice for the Poor]] started by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]]. This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work. Though a notable landmark, it is no longer a functioning hospital.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ceva Grimaldi |first=Francesco |author-link=Francesco Ceva Grimaldi (historian) |title=Della città di Napoli dal tempo della sua fondazione sino al presente |publisher=Stamperia e calcografia |year=1857 |url=https://archive.org/details/dellacittdinapo01grimgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/dellacittdinapo01grimgoog/page/n530 521] |quote=Albergo Reale dei Poveri napoli. |access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

==== Subterranean Naples ====
[[File:Galleria borbonica - War refuge (Naples).jpg|thumb|[[Naples underground geothermal zone|Underground Naples]]]]
{{Main|Beneath Naples|Catacombs of San Gennaro|Catacombs of Saint Gaudiosus|San Pietro ad Aram}}
[[Naples underground geothermal zone|Underneath Naples]] lies a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, and the city rests atop a major [[Geothermal activity|geothermal]] zone. There are also several ancient [[Greco-Roman]] reservoirs dug out from the soft [[tuff|tufo stone]] on which, and from which, much of the city is built. Approximately {{convert|1|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} of the many kilometres of tunnels under the city can be visited from the [[Naples underground geothermal zone|Napoli Sotteranea]], situated in the historic centre of the city in [[Via dei Tribunali (Naples)|Via dei Tribunali]]. This system of tunnels and cisterns underlies most of the city and lies approximately {{convert|30|m|ft}} below ground level. During [[World War II]], these tunnels were used as [[air-raid shelter]]s, and there are inscriptions on the walls depicting the suffering endured by the refugees of that era.

There are large [[Catacombs of San Gennaro|catacombs]] in and around the city, and other landmarks such as the [[Piscina Mirabilis]], the main cistern serving the [[Bay of Naples]] during Roman times.

Several archaeological excavations are also present; they revealed in [[San Lorenzo Maggiore, Naples|San Lorenzo Maggiore]] the [[macellum of Naples]], and in [[Santa Chiara, Naples|Santa Chiara]], the biggest thermal complex of the city in Roman times.

==== Parks, gardens, villas, fountains and stairways ====
{{Main|Villas in Naples|Stairways in Naples|List of fountains in Naples}}
[[File:FantanaSantaLucia2.jpg|thumb|[[Villa Comunale]]]]
Of the various [[park|public parks]] in Naples, the most prominent are the [[Villa Comunale]], which was built by the Bourbon king [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]] in the 1780s;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030829022247/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-date=29 August 2003 |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |title=Villa Comunale |date=8 January 2008}}</ref> the park was originally a "Royal Garden", reserved for members of the royal family, but open to the public on special holidays. The Bosco di [[Palace of Capodimonte|Capodimonte]], the city's largest green space, served as a royal hunting reserve. The Park has 16 additional historical buildings, including residences, lodges, churches, fountains, statues, orchards and woods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museocapodimonte.beniculturali.it/information-en/ |title=Information en |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605153709/http://www.museocapodimonte.beniculturali.it/information-en/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another important park is the [[Parco Virgiliano]], which looks towards the tiny volcanic islet of [[Nisida]]; beyond Nisida lie [[Procida]] and [[Ischia]].<ref name="parkvirg">{{cite news |url=http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829 |publisher=SkyTeam.com |title=Parco Virgiliano |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003085052/http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829 |archive-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> [[Parco Virgiliano (Mergellina)|Parco Virgiliano]] was named after [[Virgil]], the classical Roman poet and Latin writer who is thought to be [[Virgil's tomb|entombed]] nearby.<ref name="parkvirg" /> Naples is noted for its numerous stately [[villa]]s, fountains and [[Stairways in Naples|stairways]], such as the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[Villa Floridiana]], the [[Fountain of Neptune, Naples|Fountain of Neptune]] and the [[Pedamentina di San Martino|Pedamentina stairway]].

==== Neo-Gothic, ''Liberty Napoletano'' and modern architecture ====
[[File:Napoli - Castello Aselmeyer.jpg|left|thumb|Aselmeyer Castle, built by [[Lamont Young (Naples)|Lamont Young]] in the Neo-Gothic style]]
[[File:Liberty Napoli.jpg|thumb|One of the city's various examples of ''Liberty Napoletano'']]
Various buildings inspired by the [[Gothic Revival Architecture|Gothic Revival]] are extant in Naples, due to the influence that this movement had on the Scottish-Indian architect [[Lamont Young (Naples)|Lamont Young]], one of the most active Neapolitan architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Young left a significant footprint in the [[cityscape]] and designed many urban projects, such as the city's first subway ([[Naples Metro|metro]]).

In the first years of the 20th century, a local version of the [[Art Nouveau]] phenomenon, known as "[[Liberty style|Liberty]] Napoletano", developed in the city, creating many buildings which still stand today. In 1935, the [[Rationalism (architecture)|Rationalist]] architect Luigi Cosenza designed a new fish market for the city. During the [[Benito Mussolini]] era, the first structures of the city's "service center" were built, all in a Rationalist-[[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalist]] style, including the Palazzo delle Poste and the Pretura buildings. The [[Centro Direzionale (Naples)|Centro Direzionale di Napoli]] is the only adjacent cluster of skyscrapers in southern Europe.