Editing Mumbai (section)

=== National politics ===
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|First session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Mumbai (28–31 December 1885)|alt=Men in traditional Indian dresses posing for a photograph]]
Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the [[Indian National Congress]], also known as the Congress Party.<ref>{{harvnb|100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|loc=p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event."|Ref=cng}}</ref> The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |title=Congress foundation day celebrated |date=29 December 2006 |access-date=12 November 2008 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]] during the 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=215}}</ref>

The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Mumbai, with the formation of the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] on 19 June 1966, under the leadership of [[Bal Thackeray|Balasaheb Thackeray]] out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native [[Marathi people]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gogate |first1=Sudha |title=The Emergence of Regionalism in Mumbai |year=2014 |publisher=Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-823-4|chapter-url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |access-date=22 June 2015 |chapter=History of the Shiv Sena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands with [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |title=Bal Thackeray turned to Hindutva in 1985 to win elections: ex-Shiv Sena MP |website=dna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107052854/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The Congress had dominated the politics of Mumbai from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections.<ref>{{harvnb|Phadnis|pp=86–87}}</ref>

In 1989, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the [[Democratic Front (India)|Democratic Front]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rana|2006|pp=315–316}}</ref> Other parties such as [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM)]] and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |date=29 April 2009 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |title=Stage Set for Third Phase Polls in Maharashtra |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109010731/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

In the [[Elections in India|Indian national elections]] held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|North]], [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West]], [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East]], [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Central]], [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Central]], and [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=7 |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009113307/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> A [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] (MP) to the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 national election]], all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, with both parties winning three seats each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Result 2019, Maharashtra Assembly and General Poll Result 2019 – IndiaToday {{!}} IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |website=India Today |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522203229/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]]]

In the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra state assembly]] elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=List of ACs and PCs |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election 2009 |access-date=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122084331/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> A [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the legislative assembly]] (MLA) to the Maharashtra ''[[Vidhan Sabha]]'' (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 state assembly election]], out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 16 were won by the BJP, 11 by the Shiv Sena, 6 by the Congress, 2 by the NCP and one by independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mumbai election results Live updates: Aditya Thackeray registers landslide victory from Worli |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24 |date=24 October 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308041728/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=6|Ref=mumact}}</ref> The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|24 municipal wards]], five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]] whose role is mostly ceremonial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Corporation |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232803/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202555/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-date=14 March 2008 |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai |access-date=12 May 2009 |quote=As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=3|Ref=mumact}}</ref> In the [[2012 Brihanmumbai Mahanagar Palika election|2012 municipal corporation elections]], out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats.<ref name="civic20102">{{cite news |title=BMC results: Saffron alliance wins BMC with 75 seats |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |date=17 February 2012 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005738/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The tenure of the [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]], deputy mayor, and [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]] is {{frac|2|1|2}} years.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=27|Ref=mumact}}</ref>