Editing Moose (section)

===Aggression===
Moose are not typically aggressive towards humans, but will be aggressive when provoked or frightened. Moose attack more people than [[bear]]s and [[Gray wolf|wolves]] combined, but usually with only minor consequences. In the Americas, moose injure more people than any other wild mammal; worldwide, only hippopotamuses injure more.<ref>Adventure Guide Inside Passage & Coastal Alaska By Ed Readicker-Henderson, Lynn Readicker-Henderson – Hunter Publishing 2006 Page 49</ref> When harassed or startled by people or in the presence of a [[dog]], moose may charge. Also, as with bears or most wild animals, moose accustomed to being fed by people may act aggressively when denied food. During the fall mating season, bulls may be aggressive toward humans. Cows are protective of young calves and will attack humans who come close, especially if they come between mother and calf. Moose are not territorial, do not view humans as food, and usually will not pursue humans who run away.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wildlife.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=aawildlife.agmoose |title=What To Do About Aggressive Moose, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=wildlife.alaska.gov |access-date=November 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105013619/http://www.wildlife.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=aawildlife.agmoose |archive-date=November 5, 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:Bull moose growing new antlers and shedding fur.JPG|thumb|A bull, disturbed by the photographer, lowers his head and raises his [[hackles]].]]
Moose are unpredictable. They are most likely to attack if annoyed or harassed, or if approached too closely. A moose that has been harassed may vent its anger on anyone in the vicinity, and they often do not make distinctions between their tormentors and innocent passersby.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Moose are very limber animals with highly flexible joints and sharp, pointed hooves, and are capable of kicking with both front and back legs. Unlike other large, hoofed mammals, such as horses, moose can kick in all directions, including sideways. Thus, there is no safe side from which to approach. Moose often give warning signs prior to attacking, displaying aggression by means of body language. Maintained eye contact is usually the first sign of aggression, while laid-back ears or a lowered head is a sign of agitation. When the hairs on the back of the moose's neck and shoulders ([[hackles]]) stand up, a charge is usually imminent. The [[Anchorage]] Visitor Centers warn tourists that "...a moose with its hackles raised is a thing to fear."<ref>''Adventure Guide Alaska Highway'' By Ed Readicker-Henderson, Lynn Readicker-Henderson – Hunter Publishing 2006 Page 416</ref><ref>''Explorer's Guide 50 Hikes Around Anchorage'' By Lisa Maloney – The Countryman Press 2010 Page 16</ref><ref>''Field & Stream'' Aug 2002 – Page 75--77</ref><ref>''Wilderness Camping & Hiking'' By Paul Tawrell – Exxa Nature 2007 Page 161</ref>

Moose cows are more likely to emit protest moans when courted by small males. This attracts the attention of large males, promotes male-male competition and violence, reduces harassment of cows by small males, and increases mating opportunities with large males.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowyer |first1=R. Terry |last2=Rachlow |first2=Janet L. |last3=Stewart |first3=Kelley M. |last4=Van Ballenberghe |first4=Victor |title=Vocalizations by Alaskan moose: female incitation of male aggression |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |date=December 2011 |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=2251–2260 |doi=10.1007/s00265-011-1234-y|bibcode=2011BEcoS..65.2251B |s2cid=20008798 }}</ref> This in turn means that the cow moose has at least a small degree of control over which bulls she mates with.<ref>US Fed News Service, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211143/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2416873911.html Female moose moans provoke bull fights, females have more choice in picking mates, concludes Idaho state university study] March 8, 2011</ref>

Moose often show aggression to other animals as well, especially predators. Bears are common predators of moose calves and, rarely, adults. Alaskan moose have been reported to successfully fend off attacks from both black and brown bears. Moose have been known to stomp attacking wolves, which makes them less preferred as prey to the wolves. Moose are fully capable of killing bears and wolves. In one rare event, a female moose killed two adult male wolves.<ref name="v.106 (1992)">{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34347342|title=v.106 (1992) – The Canadian field-naturalist|date=21 February 1992|volume=106|access-date=22 August 2021|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822183532/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34347342|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Weaver, J.L., C. Arvidson, and P. Wood. 1992. Two Wolves, ''Canis lupus'', killed by a Moose, ''Alces alces'', in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 106(1): 126-127.</ref> A moose of either sex that is confronted by danger may let out a loud roar, more resembling that of a predator than a prey animal. European moose are often more aggressive than North American moose, such as the moose in Sweden, which often become very agitated at the sight of a predator. However, like all ungulates known to attack predators, the more aggressive individuals are always darker in color, with the darkest coloring usually in areas facing the opponent, thus serving as a natural warning to other animals.<ref name="World Page 237"/>