Editing Monarchy of Canada (section)

===Parliament (King-in-Parliament)===
[[File:RoyalVisitSenate.jpg|thumb|King [[George VI]], with [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]], grants [[royal assent]] to bills in the [[Senate of Canada|Senate chamber]], 1939]]

All laws in Canada are the monarch's and the sovereign is one of the three components of the Parliament of Canada<ref>{{Harvnb|Victoria|1867|loc=VI.91}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Victoria|1867|loc=IV.17}}</ref>—formally called the ''[[King-in-Parliament]]''<ref name=MacLeod17/>—but, the monarch and viceroy do not participate in the legislative process, save for [[King's consent|royal consent]], typically expressed by a minister of the Crown,<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/procedure-and-practice-3/ch_16_5-e.html#16-5-5-3 |title=Royal Consent |date=2017 |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211220918/https://www.ourcommons.ca/procedure/procedure-and-practice-3/ch_16_5-e.html#16-5-5-3 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[royal assent]], which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. Either figure or a delegate may perform this task and the constitution allows the viceroy the option of deferring assent to the sovereign.<ref>{{Harvnb|Victoria|1867|loc=IV.55}}</ref>

The governor general is further responsible for summoning the House of Commons, while either the viceroy or monarch can [[Prorogation in Canada|prorogue]] and [[dissolution of Parliament|dissolve]] the legislature, after which the governor general usually [[Writ of election|calls for a general election]]. This element of the royal prerogative is unaffected by legislation [[Fixed election dates in Canada|"fixing" election dates]], as ''An Act to Amend the Canada Elections Act'' specifies that it does not curtail the Crown's powers.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf |title=The Role of Monarchy in Modern Democracy: European Monarchies Compared| last1=Hazell| first1=Robert| last2=Morris| first2=Bob |chapter=If the Queen Has No Reserve Powers Left, What Is the Modern Monarchy For? |date=17 September 2020 |page=9 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-5099-3103-3 |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816131152/https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The new parliamentary session is marked by either the monarch, governor general, or some other representative reading the [[Speech from the throne|Speech from the Throne]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/OfficersAndOfficials/ProceduralOfficersAndSeniorOfficials_Senate.aspx |last=Library of Parliament |author-link=Library of Parliament |title=Parliament > Officers and Officials of Parliament > Procedural Officers and Senior Officials > Senate |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=19 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201130735/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/OfficersAndOfficials/ProceduralOfficersAndSeniorOfficials_Senate.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> Members of Parliament must recite the Oath of Allegiance before they may take their seat. Further, the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|official opposition]] is traditionally dubbed as ''[[Loyal opposition|His Majesty's Loyal Opposition]]'',{{Refn|<ref name=CIC29/><ref>{{Harvnb|Marleau|Montpetit|2000|loc=The Opposition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Gerald |last=Schmitz |title=The Opposition in a Parliamentary System |date=December 1988 |place=Ottawa |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp47-e.htm |access-date=21 May 2009 |isbn=0-6601-3283-4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425171259/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp47-e.htm |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref>}} illustrating that, while its members are opposed to the incumbent government, they remain loyal to the sovereign (as personification of the state and its authority).<ref>{{Citation |last=Ignatieff |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Ignatieff |date=2012 |editor-last=Ibbitson |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Ibbitson |title=Michael Ignatieff's timely warning on the politics of fascism |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-date=30 October 2012 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/michael-ignatieffs-timely-warning-on-the-politics-of-fascism/article4753299  |access-date=30 October 2012 |location=Toronto |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009144703/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/michael-ignatieffs-timely-warning-on-the-politics-of-fascism/article4753299/  |url-status=live}}</ref>

The monarch does not have the prerogative to impose and collect new taxes without the authorization of an [[act of Parliament]]. The consent of the Crown must, however, be obtained before either of the houses of Parliament may even debate a bill affecting the sovereign's prerogatives or interests and no act of Parliament binds the King or his rights unless the act states that it does.<ref>{{Harvnb|Newman|2017|p=67}}</ref>