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=== Modern works === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |first=Gholamreza F. |last=Assar |journal=Parthica |page=55-104 |title=A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91–55 BC |publisher=Instituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali |year=2006 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Assar |first=Gholamreza F. |year=2009 |title=Artabanus of Trogus Pompeius' 41st Prologue |journal=Electrum |publisher=Kraków |volume=15}} * {{Cambridge History of Iran |volume=3a |last=Bickerman |first=Elias J. |chapter=The Seleucid Period |pages=3–20}} * {{Cambridge History of Iran |volume=3a |last=Bivar |first=A.D.H. |chapter=The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids |pages=21–99}} * {{cite encyclopedia |article=Gondophares |last=Bivar |first=A. D. H. |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gondophares |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2 |pages=135–136 |year=2002 }} * {{cite book |last=Brosius |first=Maria |title=The Persians: An Introduction |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=London & New York |isbn=0-415-32089-5}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |title=Sīstān |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=New |volume=9 (San–Sze) |location=Leiden, and New York |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |pages=681–685 |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/sistan-SIM_5452?s.num=247&s.rows=100&s.start=180 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Curtis |editor-first=Vesta Sarkhosh |editor2-last=Stewart |editor2-first=Sarah |title=The Age of the Parthians |series=Ideas of Iran, vol. 2 |year=2007 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Curtis |first=Vesta Sarkhosh |chapter=The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period |pages=7–25 |title=The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran |volume=2 |year=2007 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum |location=London & New York |editor-last1=Curtis |editor-first1=Vesta Sarkhosh |editor-last2=Stewart |editor-first2=Sarah |isbn=978-1-84511-406-0}} * {{cite book |last=Curtis |first=Vesta Sarkhosh |chapter=Parthian coins: Kingship and Divine Glory |title=The Parthian Empire and its Religions |isbn=9783940598134 |date=2012 |pages=67–83 |publisher=Computus Druck Satz & Verlag |url=https://www.academia.edu/6186948 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal |last1=Curtis |first1=Vesta Sarkhosh |title=From Mithradat I (c. 171-138 BCE) to Mithradat II (c. 122/1-91 BCE): the Formation of Arsacid Parthian Iconography |journal=Afarin Nameh |date=2019 |pages=25–31 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40818533}} {{free access}} * {{cite book |title=Parthian art |year=1977 |publisher=Elek |last=Colledge |first=Malcolm A. R. |pages=1–200 |isbn=9780236400850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0lNAAAAYAAJ&q=false }} * {{cite journal |last=Dąbrowa |first=Edward |title=Mithradates I and the Beginning of the Ruler-cult in Parthia |journal=Electrum |date=2009 |volume=15 |pages=41–51 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1502240 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal |journal=Altertum und Gegenwart |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last1=Rollinger |editor-first2=Gundula |editor-last2=Schwinghammer |editor-first3=Brigitte |editor-last3=Truschnegg |editor-first4=Kordula |editor-last4=Schnegg |last1=Dąbrowa |first1=Edward |title=The Arsacids and their State |date=2010 |volume=XI |pages=21–52 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2348544 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal |last=Dąbrowa |first=Edward |title=The Parthian Aristocracy: its Social Position and Political Activity |journal=Parthica |date=2013 |volume=15 |pages=53–62 |url=https://www.academia.edu/13465788 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal |last1=Dąbrowa |first1=Edward |title=Arsacid Dynastic Marriages |journal=Electrum |date=2018 |volume=25 |pages=73–83 |doi=10.4467/20800909EL.18.005.8925 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |first1=Edward |last1=Dąbrowa |editor1-last=Daryaee |editor1-first=Touraj |editor1-link=Touraj Daryaee |title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |date=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter=The Arsacid Empire |pages=1–432 |isbn=978-0-19-987575-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-poAgAAQBAJ |access-date=2019-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051501/https://books.google.dk/books?id=K-poAgAAQBAJ&pg |archive-date=2019-01-01 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |author1-first=Beate |author1-last=Dignas |author2-first=Engelbert |author2-last=Winter |title=Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84925-8}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Ancient Iran |year=1984 |publisher=C.H.Beck |last=Frye |first=Richard Nelson |author-link=Richard Nelson Frye |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/n20 1]–411 |isbn=9783406093975 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye |url-access=registration |quote=false. }} * {{cite book |last=Garthwaite |first=Gene Ralph |title=The Persians |year=2005 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. |location=Oxford & Carlton |isbn=1-55786-860-3}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Tigran II |last=Garsoian |first=Nina |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tigran-ii |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=2005 }} * {{cite book |title=The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography |year=2015 |publisher=BRILL |last=Gazerani |first=Saghi |pages=1–250 |isbn=9789004282964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&q=false}} * {{cite encyclopedia |article=Nisa |last=Invernizzi |first=Antonio |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nisa |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica }} * {{cite book |last=Katouzian |first=Homa |title=The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran |year=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven & London |isbn=978-0-300-12118-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Kawami |first1=Trudy S. |editor-last=Potts |editor-first=Daniel T. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran |date=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0199733309 |chapter=Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs}} * {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=David |author-link=David L. Kennedy |editor-given1=David L. |editor-surname1=Kennedy |editor-given2=David |editor-surname2=Braund |chapter=Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives |pages=67–90 |title=The Roman Army in the East |year=1996 |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen |isbn=1-887829-18-0}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Hansman |first=John F. |article=Elymais |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elymais |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 4 |pages=373–376 |year=1998 }} * {{cite book |last1=Kia |first1=Mehrdad |title=The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1610693912 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&q=false}} * {{cite book |last=Mathiesen |first=Hans Erik |title=Sculpture in the Parthian Empire |year=1992 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |pages=1–231 |isbn=9788772883113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OszVAAAAMAAJ&q=false }} * {{cite book |last=Mayor |first=Adrienne |title=The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691150260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnFZa4LNjQC |pages=1–448}} * {{cite journal |last=Mørkholm |first=Otto |year=1980 |title=The Parthian Coinage of Seleucia on the Tigris, c. 90-55 B.C. |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |publisher=Royal Numismatic Society |volume=20 |pages=33–47 |jstor=42667078 }} {{Registration required}} * {{cite book |last1=Nabel |first1=Jake |title=Arsacids, Romans and Local Elites: Cross-Cultural Interactions of the Parthian Empire |editor-first1=Jason M. |editor-last1=Schlude |editor-first2=Benjamin B. |editor-last2=Rubin |chapter=The Seleucids Imprisoned: Arsacid-Roman Hostage Submission and Its Hellenistic Precedents |year=2017 |pages=25–50 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37449655 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal |last=Olbrycht |first=Marek Jan |journal=Notae Numismaticae |title=Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology |date=1997 |volume=2 |pages=27–61 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1493021 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Olbrycht |first=Marek Jan |url=https://www.academia.edu/865473 |editor1-first=Jakob Munk |editor1-last=Højte |year=2009 |chapter=Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran |title=Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom |publisher=Aarhus University Press |series=Black Sea Studies |volume=9 |issn=1903-4873 |isbn=978-8779344433 |pages=163–190}} * {{cite journal |last1=Olbrycht |first1=Marek Jan |title=The early reign of Mithradates II the Great in Parthia |date=2010 |volume=1 |pages=144–158 |journal=Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia |url=https://www.academia.edu/1492984 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite conference |last=Olbrycht |first=Marek Jan |date=2015 |title=Arsacid Iran and the Nomads of Central Asia – Ways of Cultural Transfer |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.9746519.v1 |location=Bonn |conference=Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology |publisher=Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn |volume=7 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12173945 |url-access=registration }} * {{cite journal |last1=Olbrycht |first1=Marek Jan |journal=Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia |title=The Sacral Kingship of the early Arsacids I. Fire Cult and Kingly Glory |date=2016 |pages=91–106 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33754166 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Pourshariati |first=Parvaneh |title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran |location=London and New York |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84511-645-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ }} * {{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |author-link1=Khodadad Rezakhani |editor-last=Potts |editor-first=Daniel T. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran |date=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0199733309 |chapter=Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage}} * {{cite book |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |year=2017 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |chapter=East Iran in Late Antiquity |pages=1–256 |isbn=9781474400305 |jstor=10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8 }} {{registration required}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Schippmann |first=K. |article=Arsacids ii. The Arsacid dynasty |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arsacids-ii |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5 |pages=525–536 |year=1986 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Schmitt |first=Rüdiger |title=Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period |author-link=Rüdiger Schmitt |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/personal-names-iranian-iv-parthian |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=2005 }} * {{cite journal |last=Sellwood |first=David |year=1976 |title=The Drachms of the Parthian "Dark Age" |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2–25 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00132988 |jstor=25203669 |s2cid=161619682 }} {{Registration required}} * {{Cambridge History of Iran |last=Sellwood |first=David |volume=3a |chapter=Minor States in Southern Iran |pages=299–322}} * {{cite book |last=Shayegan |first=M. Rahim |title=Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=1–539 |isbn=9780521766418 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&q=false }} * {{cite book |last1=Sinisi |first1=Fabrizio |editor1-last=Metcalf |editor1-first=William E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195305746 |chapter=The Coinage of the Parthians}} {{refend}}
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