Editing Miscegenation (section)

===Admixture among the Romani people===
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 | image1 = Debret casa ciganos.jpg
 | caption1 = Interior of a Roma's house in [[Brazil]] c. 1820, by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret|Debret]]

 | image2 = RO CJ Mociu Roma dancers.jpg
 | caption2 = Romani dancers in [[Romania]]
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Genetic evidence has shown that the [[Romani people]] originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] and mixed with the local populations in [[Central Asia]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Europe]]. In the 1990s, it was discovered that Romani populations carried large frequencies of particular [[Y chromosome]]s (inherited paternally) that otherwise exist only in populations from [[South Asia]], in addition to fairly significant frequencies of particular [[mitochondrial DNA]] (inherited maternally) that is rare outside South Asia.

47.3% of Romani males carry Y chromosomes of [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|haplogroup H-M82]] which is rare outside of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="kalaydjieva">{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Kalaydjieva | first1 = L. 
| last2 = Morar | first2 = B. 
| last3 = Chaix | first3 = R. 
| last4 = Tang | first4 = H. 
| title = A newly discovered founder population: The Roma/Gypsies 
| doi = 10.1002/bies.20287 
| journal = BioEssays 
| volume = 27 
| issue = 10 
| pages = 1084–1094 
| year = 2005 
| pmid = 16163730 
}}</ref> Mitochondrial [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|haplogroup M]], most common in Indian subjects and rare outside Southern Asia, accounts for nearly 30% of Romani people.<ref name="kalaydjieva"/> A more detailed study of Polish [[Romani people|Romani]] shows this to be of the M5 lineage, which is specific to India.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Malyarchuk | first1 = B. A. | last2 = Grzybowski | first2 = T. | last3 = Derenko | first3 = M. V. | last4 = Czarny | first4 = J. | last5 = Miscicka-Sliwka | first5 = D. | title = Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in the Polish Roma | doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00222.x | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 195–206 | year = 2006 | pmid =  16626330| s2cid = 662278 }}</ref> Moreover, a form of the inherited disorder [[Myasthenia gravis|congenital myasthenia]] is found in Romani subjects. This form of the disorder, caused by the 1267delG mutation, is otherwise only known in subjects of Indian ancestry. This is considered to be the best evidence of the Indian ancestry of the Romanies.<ref name="Bharti_Morar">{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Morar | first1 = B. 
| last2 = Gresham | first2 = D. 
| last3 = Angelicheva | first3 = D. 
| last4 = Tournev | first4 = I. 
| last5 = Gooding | first5 = R. 
| last6 = Guergueltcheva | first6 = V. 
| last7 = Schmidt | first7 = C. 
| last8 = Abicht | first8 = A. 
| last9 = Lochmuller | first9 = H. 
| doi = 10.1086/424759 
| last10 = Tordai | first10 = A. 
| last11 = Kalmár | first11 = L. 
| last12 = Nagy | first12 = M. 
| last13 = Karcagi | first13 = V. 
| last14 = Jeanpierre | first14 = M. 
| last15 = Herczegfalvi | first15 = A. 
| last16 = Beeson | first16 = D. 
| last17 = Venkataraman | first17 = V. 
| last18 = Warwick Carter | first18 = K. 
| last19 = Reeve | first19 = J. 
| last20 = De Pablo | first20 = R. 
| last21 = Kučinskas | first21 = V. 
| last22 = Kalaydjieva | first22 = L. 
| title = Mutation History of the Roma/Gypsies 
| journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics 
| volume = 75 
| issue = 4 
| pages = 596–609 
| year = 2004 
| pmid = 15322984 
| pmc =1182047 
| display-authors=6
}}</ref>

The Romanis have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",<ref name="Luba_Kalaydjieva">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kalaydjieva | first1 = L. | last2 = Gresham | first2 = D. | last3 = Calafell | first3 = F. | title = Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A review | journal = BMC Medical Genetics | volume = 2 | pages = 5 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 | pmid =  11299048| pmc =31389 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while a number of common Mendelian disorders among Romanies from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and founder effect".<ref name="Luba_Kalaydjieva"/> See also this table:<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5|year=2001|last1=Kalaydjieva|first1=Luba|last2=Gresham|first2=David|last3=Calafell|first3=Francesc|journal=BMC Medical Genetics|volume=2|page=5|pmid=11299048|title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A review|pmc=31389 |doi-access=free }} [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/2/5/figure/F4 Figure 4].</ref>

A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".<ref name="David_Gresham"/> Also the study pointed out that "genetic drift and different levels and sources of admixture, appear to have played a role in the subsequent differentiation of populations".<ref name="David_Gresham">{{Cite journal |title=Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies) |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1314–1331 |pmid=11704928 |doi=10.1086/324681 |pmc=1235543 |year=2001 |last1=Gresham |first1=D. |last2=Morar |first2=B. |last3=Underhill |first3=P. A. |last4=Passarino |first4=G. |last5=Lin |first5=A. A. |last6=Wise |first6=C. |last7=Angelicheva |first7=D. |last8=Calafell |first8=F. |last9=Oefner |first9=P. J. |last10=Shen |first10=P. |last11=Tournev |first11=I. |last12=De Pablo |first12=R. |last13=Kuĉinskas |first13=V. |last14=Perez-Lezaun |first14=A. |last15=Marushiakova |first15=E. |last16=Popov |first16=V. |last17=Kalaydjieva |first17=L. | display-authors=6}}</ref> The same study found that "a single lineage ... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males. A similar preservation of a highly resolved male lineage has been reported elsewhere only for Jewish priests".<ref name="David_Gresham"/> See also the [[Y-chromosomal Aaron|Cohen Modal Haplotype]].

A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani are "a founder population of common origins that has subsequently split into multiple socially divergent and geographically dispersed Gypsy groups".<ref name="Bharti_Morar"/> The same study revealed that this population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".<ref name="Bharti_Morar"/>