Editing Methane clathrate (section)

==Natural gas hydrates for gas storage and transportation==
Since methane clathrates are stable at a higher temperature than [[liquefied natural gas|liquefied natural gas (LNG)]] (−20 vs −162&nbsp;°C), there is some interest in converting natural gas into clathrates (Solidified Natural Gas or SNG) rather than liquifying it when transporting it by [[LNG carrier|seagoing vessels]]. A significant advantage would be that the production of natural gas hydrate (NGH) from natural gas at the terminal would require a smaller refrigeration plant and less energy than LNG would. Offsetting this, for 100 tonnes of methane transported, 750 tonnes of methane hydrate would have to be transported; since this would require a ship of 7.5 times greater displacement, or require more ships, it is unlikely to prove economically feasible.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}. Recently, methane hydrate has received considerable interest for large scale stationary storage application due to the very mild storage conditions with the inclusion of [[tetrahydrofuran]] (THF) as a co-guest.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2016.01.026 |title=Rapid methane hydrate formation to develop a cost effective large scale energy storage system |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=290 |pages=161–173 |year=2016 |last1=Veluswamy |first1=Hari Prakash |last2=Wong |first2=Alison Jia Hui |last3=Babu |first3=Ponnivalavan |last4=Kumar |first4=Rajnish |last5=Kulprathipanja |first5=Santi |last6=Rangsunvigit |first6=Pramoch |last7=Linga |first7=Praveen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.059 |title=A review of solidified natural gas (SNG) technology for gas storage via clathrate hydrates |journal=Applied Energy |volume=216 |pages=262–285 |year=2018 |last1=Veluswamy |first1=Hari Prakash |last2=Kumar |first2=Asheesh |last3=Seo |first3=Yutaek |last4=Lee |first4=Ju Dong |last5=Linga |first5=Praveen}}</ref> With the inclusion of [[tetrahydrofuran]], though there is a slight reduction in the gas storage capacity, the hydrates have been demonstrated to be stable for several months in a recent study at −2&nbsp;°C and atmospheric pressure.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.126 |title=Molecular level investigations and stability analysis of mixed methane-tetrahydrofuran hydrates: Implications to energy storage |journal=Fuel |volume=236 |pages=1505–1511 |year=2019 |last1=Kumar |first1=Asheesh |last2=Veluswamy |first2=Hari Prakash |last3=Linga |first3=Praveen |last4=Kumar |first4=Rajnish|s2cid=104937420 }}</ref> A recent study has demonstrated that SNG can be formed directly with seawater instead of pure water in combination with THF.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.085 |title=Direct use of seawater for rapid methane storage via clathrate (SII) hydrates |journal=Applied Energy |volume=235 |pages=21–30 |year=2019 |last1=Kumar |first1=Asheesh |last2=Veluswamy |first2=Hari Prakash |last3=Kumar |first3=Rajnish |last4=Linga |first4=Praveen|s2cid=106395586 }}</ref>