Editing Mark Hanna (section)

==== Securing a Senate seat ====
{{main|United States Senate election in Ohio, 1898}}
[[File:Hanna turkey.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|1896 ''Puck'' cover showing Hanna (left) and McKinley's Thanksgiving dinner—carving up the presidency.|alt=A political cartoon in color. Two caricatured gentlemen in suits sit at a table with large, exaggerated cutlery, a colossal turkey before them, marked "Presidency". The plate bears the words, "Sound money vote". "For what we are about to receive," says the man on the left, holding the carving knife with a look of deceitful intrigue, "May the Lord make us truly thankful."]]

In the wake of McKinley's election, according to historian [[James Ford Rhodes]] (who was also Hanna's brother-in-law, though a Democrat),{{sfn|Horner|p=25}} "Mark Hanna occupied an enviable position.  Had it been usual, the freedom of Cleveland would have been conferred upon him."{{sfn|Rhodes|p=30}} According to [[John Hay]], who would later become Secretary of State under McKinley,  "What a glorious record Mark Hanna has made this year!  I never knew him intimately until we went into this fight together, but my esteem and admiration for him have grown every hour."{{sfn|Rhodes|p=30}}

Hanna stated that he would accept no office in the McKinley administration, as he feared it would be seen as a reward for his political efforts.{{sfn|Rhodes|p=30}}  He had long wished to be a senator, speaking of this desire as early as 1892.{{sfn|Croly|pp=231–232}}  Senator Sherman, now aged almost 74, would face a difficult re-election battle with the Democrats and the Foraker faction in 1898.  On January 4, 1897, McKinley offered Sherman the office of Secretary of State; he immediately accepted.  The poor record Sherman posted prior to his departure from office in 1898 led to attacks on Hanna, suggesting that a senile man had been placed in a key Cabinet position to accommodate him.{{sfn|Rhodes|p=31}} Foraker, in his memoirs, strongly implied that Sherman was moved out of the way to allow Hanna to have his Senate seat.  An embittered Sherman stated in a letter after his departure as secretary, "When [McKinley] urged me to accept the position of Secretary of State, I accepted with some reluctance and largely to promote the wishes of Mark Hanna.  The result was that I lost the position both of Senator and Secretary&nbsp;... They deprived me of the high office of Senator by the temporary appointment as Secretary of State."{{sfn|Rhodes|pp=31–32}}

Horner argues that the position of Secretary of State was the most important non-elective post in government, then often seen as a stepping stone to the presidency, and though Sherman no longer sought to be president, he was aware of the prestige.{{sfn|Horner|p=220}} According to Rhodes, "Sherman was glad to accept the Secretaryship of State.  He exchanged two years in the Senate with a doubtful succession for apparently a four years' tenure of the Cabinet head of the new Republican administration, which was undoubtedly a promotion."{{sfn|Rhodes|p=33}}  Rhodes suggested that Hanna did not give credence to warnings about Sherman's mental capacity in early 1897, though some of those tales must have been told by New York businessmen whom he trusted.{{sfn|Rhodes|p=32}}  The stories were not believed by McKinley either; the President-elect in February 1897 called accounts of Sherman's mental decay "the cheap inventions of sensational writers or other evil-disposed or mistaken people".{{sfn|Rhodes|p=32}}
[[File:Hanna button.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A promotional button from Mark Hanna's U.S. Senate campaign.]]
Sherman's acceptance of the post of Secretary of State did not assure Hanna of succeeding him as senator.  A temporary appointment to the Senate was to be made by Ohio's governor, Republican [[Asa S. Bushnell (Governor)|Asa Bushnell]]; the legislature would then, in 1898, hold elections both for the final portion of Sherman's term (expiring in March 1899) and for the full six-year term to follow.  Bushnell was of the Foraker faction—Foraker was by then a senator-elect, selected by the legislature to fill Ohio's other Senate seat for the term 1897 to 1903.  Sherman, who was at that time still grateful for his Cabinet appointment, used his influence on Hanna's behalf; so did McKinley. Governor Bushnell did not want to appoint a leader of the opposing faction and authorized Foraker to offer the place to Representative [[Theodore E. Burton]], who declined it.  Rhodes suggests that the difficulty over obtaining a Senate seat for Hanna led McKinley to persist in his offer to make his friend [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] into mid-February 1897.{{sfn|Rhodes|p=34}}{{sfn|Croly|p=233}}{{sfn|Horner|p=222}}  Bushnell was a candidate for renomination and re-election in 1897; without Hanna's support his chances were smaller, and on February 21, Bushnell wrote to Hanna that he would appoint him in Sherman's place.{{sfn|Rhodes|p=35}}  Foraker, in his memoirs, stated that Hanna was given the Senate seat because of McKinley's desires.{{sfn|Horner|p=218}}

The 1897 legislative elections in Ohio would determine who would vote on Hanna's bid for election for a full six-year term, and were seen as a referendum on McKinley's first year in office—the President visited Ohio to give several speeches, as did Bryan.  McKinley was active behind the scenes, urging Republicans both inside and outside Ohio to support the senator.  The 1897 Ohio Republican convention voted to support Hanna, as did county conventions in 84 of Ohio's 88&nbsp;counties.  The Republicans won the election, with the overwhelming number of Republican victors pledged to vote for Hanna.{{sfn|Horner|pp=222–227}}  However, a number of Republicans, most of the Foraker faction, did not want to re-elect Hanna and formed an alliance with the Democrats.{{sfn|Horner|pp=222–227}}

When the legislature met on January 3, 1898, the anti-Hanna forces succeeded in organizing both houses of the legislature,  The dissidents had not yet agreed upon a candidate; after several days of negotiation, they settled on the Republican mayor of Cleveland, [[Robert McKisson]].{{sfn|Croly|pp=254–255}} The Cleveland mayor was the insurgents' candidate for both the short and long Senate term and had been elected in 1895 to his municipal position despite the opposition of Hanna and the Cleveland business community.  Rumors flew in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] that legislators had been kidnapped by either or both sides, and allegations of bribery were made.  [[James Rudolph Garfield]], the late president's son, stated that he had been told by one Republican from Cleveland that he had to vote for McKisson because if he did not, his contracts to sell the city brick pavers would be cut off.{{sfn|Horner|pp=222–227}}  According to Horner,

{{blockquote|
Given Hanna's determination to win and his willingness to play by the rules as they existed, money may have changed hands during the campaign, but if it did, it is important to remember the context.  If Hanna engaged in such behavior, that was the way the game was played on both sides&nbsp;... Hanna, of course, was not without resources.  It is helpful, for example, when you are good friends with the president of the United States, a man also personally very influential in Ohio politics.{{sfn|Horner|p=230}}
}}

In the end, "Hanna's tactics—whatever they really were" succeeded; he was re-elected with the barest possible majority.{{sfn|Croly|pp=253, 259}}{{sfn|Horner|p=231}}