Editing Manna (section)

====References in medieval Christian works====
* [[Conrad of Megenberg]] 14th Century<ref>[[Conrad of Megenberg]]. 14th Century. Main sources: [[Thomas of Cantimpré]], ''Liber de natura rerum.'' Edition. [[Franz Pfeiffer (literary scholar)|Franz Pfeiffer]]. Konrad von Megenberg. '' Buch der Natur.'' Aue, Stuttgart 1861, S. 90–91: Himelprot [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10076915?page=164 (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* ''[[Herbarius moguntinus]]'' 1484<ref>[[Herbarius moguntinus]]. [[Peter Schöffer]], Mainz 1484, pat II, capitel 7 Manna [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00029223/images/index.html?id=00029223&groesser=&fip=qrssdaseayasdasfsdrxdsydxdsydqrseayasdasyzts&no=4&seite=321 (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* ''[[Gart der Gesundheit]]'' 1485<ref>Gart der Gesundheit. [[Peter Schöffer]], Mainz 1485, capitel 267: Manna hymmeldauwe [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0003/bsb00032739/images/index.html?id=00032739&groesser=&fip=xsyztsxdsydewqsdasfsdrqrsxdsydeayaewq&no=4&seite=431 (Digitalisat)].</ref>
* ''[[Hortus Sanitatis|Hortus sanitatis]]'' 1491<ref>Hortus sanitatis. Jacobus Meydenbach, Mainz 1491, capitel 275: Manna [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00027846/images/index.html?id=00027846&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=253 (Digitalisat)].</ref>

In 1586 the German physician [[Joachim Camerarius the Younger]] wrote in his herbal, that manna, that was used to purge humours, was collected in [[Walhaz|Welschland]] from species of [[Fraxinus]].<ref>Joachim Camerarius the Younger. Kommentar in: ''Kreutterbuch des hochgelehrten vnnd weitberühmten [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli|Herrn D. P. Andreae Matthioli]]'' … Frankfurt 1586, Blatt 37r [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0009/bsb00091089/images/index.html?id=00091089&groesser=&fip=qrssdaseayasdasfsdrxdsydwewqyzts&no=3&seite=93 (Digitalisat)]: ''In Welſchlandt wirdt die Manna / welche ſo gebreuchlich iſt die Gallen vnnd wäſſerige feuchtigkeit damit ohne beſchwernuß zu purgieren / gemeinglich auff dem Fraxino vnd ſeinen geſchlechten gefunden vnd geſammlet …''</ref> In the same article he showed a [[woodcut]] of ''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]''. A woodcut of ''[[Fraxinus ornus]]'' had been published earlier in 1554 and in 1562 by [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli]].<ref>''Petri Andreae Matthioli medici senensis Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Adiectis quàm plurimis plantarum et animalium imaginibus, eodem authore.'' Vincentius Valgrisi, Venedig 1554, p. 87 ({{Digitalisat|MDZ=10139457_00113}}).</ref><ref>Übersetzung des Mattiolischen Dioskurides-Kommentars durch Georg Handsch (1529–ca. 1578), Prag 1563, Blatt. 39r–40r ({{Digitalisat|MDZ=10149845_00156}}).</ref>

Until the end of the 19th century, manna was brought to [[Northern Europe]] from [[Calabria]] (manna calabrina) and from [[Sicilia]]. It was collected as a secrete from species of ''Fraxinus'', mainly of ''[[Fraxinus ornus]]'' and of ''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]''. Following the rules of [[Humorism#Unification with Empedocles's model|Humorisme]], physicians in Northern Europe prescribed this manna as a mild [[laxative]].