Editing Manga (section)

=== United States ===
[[File:Manga at Barnes & Noble, Tanforan 3.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The manga section at [[Barnes & Noble]] in [[San Bruno]], [[California]]]]
Manga made their way only gradually into U.S. markets, first in association with anime and then independently.<ref name="Patten">{{Harvnb|Patten|2004}}</ref> Some U.S. [[Fan (person)|fans]] became aware of manga in the 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name="Patten2">In 1987, "...Japanese comics were more legendary than accessible to American readers", {{Harvnb|Patten|2004|p=259}}</ref> However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to U.S. fans,<ref>{{Harvnb|Napier|2000|pp=239–256}}, {{Harvnb|Clements|McCarthy|2006|pp=475–476}}</ref> many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain, subtitle, and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate, reproduce, and distribute {{Lang|ja-latn|tankōbon}}-style manga books.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patten|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=305–340}}, {{Harvnb|Leonard|2004}}</ref> One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U.S. was [[Keiji Nakazawa]]'s ''[[Barefoot Gen]]'', an autobiographical story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by [[Leonard Rifas]] and Educomics (1980–1982).<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|p=309}}, {{Harvnb|Rifas|2004}}, Rifas adds that the original EduComics titles were ''Gen of Hiroshima'' and ''I SAW IT''{{Sic}}.</ref> More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including ''[[Golgo 13]]'' in 1986, ''[[Lone Wolf and Cub]]'' from [[First Comics]] in 1987, and ''[[Kamui (1964 manga)|Kamui]]'', ''[[Area 88]]'', and ''[[Mai the Psychic Girl]]'', also in 1987 and all from [[Viz Media]]-[[Eclipse Comics]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=37, 259–260}}, {{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xv}}</ref> Others soon followed, including ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'' from [[Marvel Comics]]' [[Epic Comics]] imprint, ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'' from Viz Media, and ''[[Appleseed (manga)|Appleseed]]'' from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later ''Iczer-1'' ([[Antarctic Press]], 1994) and [[Ippongi Bang]]'s ''F-111 Bandit'' (Antarctic Press, 1995).

During the 1980s and 1990s, Japanese animation, such as ''[[Akira (1988 film)|Akira]]'', ''[[Dragon Ball]]'', ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'', and ''[[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]]'', made a larger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leonard|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=52–73}}, {{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}</ref> Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur [[Toren Smith]] founded [[Studio Proteus]] in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including [[Masamune Shirow]]'s ''Appleseed'' and [[Kōsuke Fujishima]]'s ''[[Oh My Goddess! (manga)|Oh My Goddess!]]'', for [[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse]] and [[Eros Comix]], eliminating the need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=318–321}}, {{Harvnb|Dark Horse Comics|2004}}</ref>
Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher [[Shogakukan]] opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills.<ref name="Farago" />

Japanese publishers began pursuing a U.S. market in the mid-1990s, due to a stagnation in the domestic market for manga.<ref name=Brienza2009>{{cite journal |last=Brienza |first=Casey E. |title=Books, Not Comics: Publishing Fields, Globalization, and Japanese Manga in the United States |journal=Publishing Research Quarterly |year=2009 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1007/s12109-009-9114-2 |s2cid=143718638}}</ref> The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' (translated by [[Frederik L. Schodt]] and [[Toren Smith]]) becoming very popular among fans.<ref>{{cite book |ref=gho |last=Kwok Wah Lau |first=Jenny |year=2003 |chapter=4 |title=Multiple modernities: cinemas and popular media in transcultural East Asia |page=78 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press}}</ref> An extremely successful manga and anime translated and dubbed in English in the mid-1990s was ''[[Sailor Moon]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=50, 110, 124, 128, 135}}, {{Harvnb|Arnold|2000}}</ref> By 1995–1998, the [[Sailor Moon (manga)|''Sailor Moon'' manga]] had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, North America and most of Europe.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|p=95}}</ref> In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing ''Sailor Moon'', along with [[Clamp (manga artists)|CLAMP]]'s ''[[Magic Knight Rayearth]]'', [[Hitoshi Iwaaki]]'s ''[[Parasyte]]'' and [[Tsutomu Takahashi]]'s ''[[Ice Blade]]'' in the monthly manga magazine ''[[MixxZine]]''. Mixx Entertainment, later renamed [[Tokyopop]], also published manga in [[trade paperback (comics)|trade paperbacks]] and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Arnold|2000}}, {{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}, {{Harvnb|Bacon|2005}}</ref>

During this period, [[Dark Horse Manga]] was a major publisher of translated manga. In addition to ''[[Oh My Goddess! (manga)|Oh My Goddess!]]'', the company published ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'', ''[[Astro Boy]]'', ''[[Berserk (manga)|Berserk]]'', ''[[Blade of the Immortal]]'', ''[[Ghost in the Shell (manga)|Ghost in the Shell]]'', ''[[Lone Wolf and Cub]]'', [[Yasuhiro Nightow]]'s ''[[Trigun]]'' and ''[[Blood Blockade Battlefront]]'', ''[[Gantz]]'', [[Kouta Hirano]]'s ''[[Hellsing]]'' and ''[[Drifters (manga)|Drifters]]'', ''[[Blood+]]'', ''[[Multiple Personality Detective Psycho]]'', ''[[FLCL]]'', ''[[Mob Psycho 100]]'', and ''[[Oreimo]]''. The company received 13 [[Eisner Award]] nominations for its manga titles, and three of the four manga creators admitted to [[The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame]] — [[Osamu Tezuka]], [[Kazuo Koike]], and [[Goseki Kojima]] — were published in Dark Horse translations.<ref>Horn, Carl Gustav. "Horsepower," (Dark Horse Comics, March 2007).</ref>

In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=308–319}}</ref> The [[List of Pokémon manga|''Pokémon'' manga]] ''[[Electric Tale of Pikachu]]'' issue #1 sold over 1{{nbsp}}million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling single [[comic book]] in the United States since 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=The last million-selling comic book in North America? It's Batman vs. Pokémon for the title |url=http://blog.comichron.com/2014/05/batman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html |work=Comichron |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509012448/https://blog.comichron.com/2014/05/batman-vs-pokemon-last-million-selling.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> By 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market generated $175 million in annual sales.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reid|2009}}</ref> Simultaneously, mainstream U.S. media began to discuss manga, with articles in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/14/books/manga-comic-books.html|title=How Manga Was Translated for America|website= The New York Times|date=14 July 2023}}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', and ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Glazer|2005}}, {{Harvnb|Masters|2006}}, {{Harvnb|Bosker|2007}}, {{Harvnb|Pink|2007}}</ref> As of 2017, manga distributor [[Viz Media]] is the largest publisher of [[graphic novel]]s and comic books in the United States, with a 23% share of the market.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magulick |first1=Aaron |title=Viz Manga Sales are Destroying DC, Marvel in Comic Market |url=http://goboiano.com/viz-manga-sales-are-destroying-dc-marvel-in-comic-market/ |work=GoBoiano |date=8 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102607/http://goboiano.com/viz-manga-sales-are-destroying-dc-marvel-in-comic-market/ |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[BookScan]] sales show that manga is one of the fastest-growing areas of the comic book and narrative fiction markets. From January 2019 to May 2019, the manga market grew 16%, compared to the overall comic book market's 5% growth. [[The NPD Group]] noted that, compared to other comic book readers, manga readers are younger (76% under 30) and more diverse, including a higher female readership (16% higher than other comic books).<ref>{{cite news |title=Sales of Manga Books are on the Rise in the United States, The NPD Group Says: A big wave of imported Japanese culture is finding a hungry and growing reading audience |url=https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/2019/sales-of-manga-books-are-on-the-rise-in-the-united-states-the-npd-group-says/ |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=[[The NPD Group]] |date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309131042/https://www.circana.com/intelligence/category/press-releases/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
As of January 2020, manga is the second largest category in the US comic book and graphic novel market, accounting for 27% of the entire market share.<ref name="manga-marketshare">{{cite web |date=21 May 2020 |url=https://qz.com/1806376/japans-image-has-changed-from-fierce-to-lovable-over-the-decades/ |title=Japan's Image morphed from a fierce military empire to eccentric pop culture superpower |publisher=Quartz |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021121139/https://qz.com/1806376/japans-image-has-changed-from-fierce-to-lovable-over-the-decades/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] some stores of the American bookseller [[Barnes & Noble]] saw up to a 500% increase in sales from [[graphic novel]] and manga sales due to the younger generations showing a high interest in the medium.<ref>{{cite web |title=The pandemic has sparked a book craze – and Barnes & Noble is cashing in |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/the-pandemic-has-sparked-a-book-craze-and-barnes-noble-is-cashing-in |publisher=[[Fox Business]] |date=19 September 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145605/https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/the-pandemic-has-sparked-a-book-craze-and-barnes-noble-is-cashing-in |url-status=live }}</ref> Sales of print manga titles in the U.S. increased by 3.6 million units in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Streaming Anime Lifts Manga Sales |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/86276-anime-readers-lift-manga-sales.html |website=Publishers Weekly |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102201945/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/86276-anime-readers-lift-manga-sales.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, 24.4 million units of manga were sold in the United States. This is an increase of about 15 million (160%) more sales than in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manga Sales Managed to Double in 2021, Says New Report |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-sales-2021-united-states/ |website=comicbook.com |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054952/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-sales-2021-united-states/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1090528/manga-sales-us/ |title=Manga sales growth in the United States from 2019 to 2021 |website=[[Statista]] |date=February 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802233816/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1090528/manga-sales-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, most of the top-selling comic creators in the United States were mangaka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-anime-sales-2022-united-states-list/ |title=New Report Confirms Manga Artists Led U.S. Comic Sales in 2022 |website=comicbook.com |date=6 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309130954/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/manga-anime-sales-2022-united-states-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year manga sales saw an increase of 9%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-03/icv2-u.s-manga-sales-increase-by-9-percent-in-2022/.195562 |title=ICv2: U.S. Manga Sales Increase By 9% in 2022 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=3 March 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309130955/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-03/icv2-u.s-manga-sales-increase-by-9-percent-in-2022/.195562 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023 manga sales amounted a value of $381.16 million USD with 57% of all titles sold coming from Viz Media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/popular-manga-sales-2024-viz-media/|title=Viz Media Tops U.S. Manga Sales Amid Growing Competition, New Data Shows|website=comicbook.com|date=29 July 2024}}</ref>