Editing Majapahit (section)

====Reign of Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada's conquest====
[[File:Majapahit Expansion.gif|thumb|260px|Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago ([[Nusantara (archipelago)|Nusantara]]) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century. The existing historical records from several sources{{efn|group=note|1=Mainly [[Nagarakretagama]], [[Pararaton]], [[Suma Oriental]], and Ming dynasty records}} only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.]]
[[Hayam Wuruk]], also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit in 1350–1389. During this period, Majapahit attained its peak with the help of the prime minister [[Gajah Mada]]. Under Gajah Mada's command (1313–1364), Majapahit conquered more territories and became the regional power.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|234}} According to the ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'', canto XIII and XIV mentioned several states in [[Sumatra]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Borneo]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Nusa Tenggara]] islands, [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[New Guinea]], [[Mindanao]], [[Sulu Archipelago]], [[Luzon]] and some parts of the [[Visayas]] islands as under the Majapahit realm of power. The [[Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai|Hikayat Raja Pasai]], a 14th-century [[Aceh]] chronicle describe a Majapahit naval invasion on [[Majapahit conquest of Pasai|Samudra Pasai]] in 1350.<ref name="Tirto-Pasai">{{cite web | title = Kejamnya Sultan Samudera Pasai dan Serbuan Majapahit | author = Iswara N Raditya | date = 21 June 2017 | work = Tirto.id | url = https://tirto.id/kejamnya-sultan-samudera-pasai-dan-serbuan-majapahit-crcW| language = id}}</ref> The attacking force consisted of 400 large [[Djong (ship)|jong]] and an uncountable number of [[malangbang]] and [[kelulus]].<ref name=":2">Hill (June 1960). "[[iarchive:hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up|Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai]]". ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society''. '''33''': pp. 98, 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). pp. 270, 286, quoting ''Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai'', 3: 98: "''Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus''." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)</ref> This expansion marked the greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian history. It is considered a commercial trading empire in the civilisation of Asia.

[[File:Gajah-Mada.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[terracotta]] figure popularly believed by [[Mohammad Yamin]] as the portrait of [[Gajah Mada]], collection of [[Trowulan Museum]]. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.]]
In 1355,<ref name="jejakrekam.com 2018">{{cite web | title=Nansarunai Ditaklukkan dengan Tiga Misi Militer Majapahit | website=jejakrekam.com | date=2018-02-24 | url=https://jejakrekam.com/2018/02/24/nansarunai-ditaklukkan-dengan-tiga-misi-militer-majapahit/ | language=id | access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref> Hayam Wuruk launched the third invasion of [[:id:Kerajaan Nan Sarunai|Dayak Ma'anyan kingdom of Nan Sarunai]], which at the time was led by Raden Anyan or Datu Tatuyan Wulau Miharaja Papangkat Amas. This invasion was led by Ampu Jatmika from Kalingga, Kediri<ref name="Munoz 2009">{{cite book | last=Munoz | first=P. M. | author2=Tim Media Abadi | title=Kerajaan-kerajaan awal kepulauan Indonesia dan Semenanjung Malaysia: perkembangan sejarah dan budaya Asia Tenggara (Jaman pra sejarah – abad xvi) | publisher=Mitra abadi | year=2009 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWxynQAACAAJ | language=id | access-date=2022-02-20 | page=}}</ref> with his entourage which according to ''Hikayat Banjar'' included his advisor Aria Megatsari, general Tumenggung Tatah Jiwa, minister Wiramartas, ''punokawan'' Patih Baras, Patih Basi, Patih Luhu, dan Patih Dulu, and bodyguards Sang Panimba Segara, Sang Pembelah Batung, Sang Jampang Sasak, and Sang Pengeruntung 'Garuntung' Manau. Multiple battles happened with the first battle in April 1358;<ref name="Kusmartono dan Widianto 1998">Kusmartono dan Widianto (1998), based on ash sample analysis in 1996 of burned Majapahit forces corpses from first nansarunai battle in Tambak Wasi and Candi Agung, Amuntai, gave the date April 1358.</ref> killed Majapahit soldiers were burned in Tambak Wasi. Nansarunai captain Jamuhala was also killed in this battle. While prince Jarang and prince Idong hid in Man near Tabalong-kiwa river. Nansarunai soldiers were concentrated in Pulau Kadap before the second battle happened in December 1362. Casualties from this second battle were buried in ''Tambak'' in Bayu Hinrang. In this war Raden Anyan was killed, speared by Mpu Nala, and buried in Banua Lawas.<ref name="Effrata 2021 pp. 26–33">{{cite journal | last=Effrata | first=Effrata | title=Jejak Nansarunai Dan Tantangan Globalisasi | journal=Jurnal Sociopolitico | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=2021-02-27 | issn=2656-1026 | doi=10.54683/sociopolitico.v3i1.38 | pages=26–33 | s2cid=244856970 | url=https://jurnal.fisipolupgriplk.ac.id/index.php/JSP/article/view/38 | access-date=2022-02-20| doi-access=free }}</ref> In its place, Ampu Jatmika founded a [[:id:Kerajaan Negara Dipa|Hindu kingdom state, Negara Dipa]] under Majapahit tributary, predecessor of [[Banjar Sultanate|Banjar]]. While surviving Javanese, Dayak, Madurese, and Bugis soldiers, sailors, metalsmiths of this war settled in Amuntai, Alabio, and Nagara.<ref name="jejakrekam.com 2018"/><ref name="Effrata 2021 pp. 26–33"/> These invasions were recorded in [[Ma'anyan people|Dayak Ma'anyan]] poetry as ''Nansarunai Usak Jawa''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ukur | first = Fridolin | title= Tanya Jawab Tentang Suku Dayak | page = 46| year = 1977 |location=Jakarta |publisher=BPK Gunung Mulia}}</ref><ref name="Ahsan 2018">{{cite web | last=Ahsan | first=Ivan Aulia | title=Jejak Panjang Nan Sarunai, Kerajaan Purba di Kalimantan | website=tirto.id | date=2018-01-09 | url=https://tirto.id/jejak-panjang-nan-sarunai-kerajaan-purba-di-kalimantan-cBfD | language=id | access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>

Along with launching naval and military expeditions, the expansion of the Majapahit Empire involved diplomacy and alliance. Hayam Wuruk decided, probably for political reasons, to take princess [[Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi|Citra Rashmi]] (Dyah Pitaloka) of neighbouring [[Sunda Kingdom]] as his [[Queen consort|consort]].<ref name="end">{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref>{{rp|279}} The Sundanese took this proposal as an alliance agreement. In 1357 the Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit to accompany and marry his daughter to Hayam Wuruk.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|239}} However, Gajah Mada saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship. The skirmish between the Sunda royal family and the Majapahit troops on Bubat square was inevitable. Despite courageous resistance, the royal family were overwhelmed and decimated. Almost the whole of the Sundanese royal party was killed.<ref>{{cite book | last = Soekmono | first = Roden | title= Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia | volume = 2| edition = 2nd | publisher = Kanisius | year = 2002 | isbn = 9789794132906}}</ref> Tradition mentioned that the heartbroken princess committed [[suicide]] to defend the honour of her country.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Y. Achadiati S. |author2=Soeroso M. P. | title= ''Sejarah Peradaban Manusia: Zaman Majapahit''. | publisher = PT Gita Karya | year= 1988 | location =Jakarta| page=13}}</ref> The [[Battle of Bubat]], or the Pasunda Bubat tragedy, became the main theme of ''[[Kidung Sunda]]'', also mentioned in ''[[Carita Parahyangan]]'' and ''[[Pararaton]]'', but it was never mentioned in ''[[Nagarakretagama]]''.

[[File:Prasasti Gajah Mada.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gajah Mada inscription]], dated 1273 Saka (1351 AD), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King [[Kertanegara of Singhasari|Kertanegara]] of Singhasari.]]
The ''Nagarakretagama'', written in 1365, depicts a sophisticated court with refined taste in art and literature and a complex system of religious rituals. The poet describes Majapahit as the centre of a huge [[mandala]] extending from [[New Guinea]] and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] to [[Sumatra]] and the [[Malay Peninsula]]. Local traditions in many parts of Indonesia retain accounts of 14th-century Majapahit's power in more or less [[legend]]ary form. The direct administration of Majapahit did not extend beyond [[east Java]] and [[Bali]], but challenges to Majapahit's claim to overlordship in outer islands drew forceful responses.<ref name="miksic" />{{rp|page=106}}

To revive the fortune of [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]] in Sumatra, in the 1370s, a Malay ruler of [[Palembang]] sent an envoy to the court of [[Hongwu Emperor|the first emperor]] of the newly established [[Ming dynasty]]. He invited China to resume the tributary system, just like [[Srivijaya]] did several centuries earlier. Learning this diplomatic manoeuvre, immediately King Hayam Wuruk sent an envoy to Nanking, convinced the emperor that Malayu was their vassal, and was not an independent country.<ref name="Britannica-Majapahit" /> Subsequently, in 1377,{{efn|group=note|1=According to the Chinese sources, the event took place in 1376 or 1377, according to the Javanese about 1361. See<ref>{{cite book |last=Krom |first=N. J. |date=1931 |title=Hindoe-Javaansche Geschiedenis ''(Hindu-Javanese History)'' |edition=2nd |location=The Hague |publisher=M. Nijhoff |page=412}}</ref>}} a few years after the death of Gajah Mada, Majapahit sent a punitive naval attack against a rebellion in Palembang,<ref name="ricklefs" />{{rp | page=19}} contributing to the end of the Srivijayan successor kingdom. Besides Gajah Mada, Another famous military leader was [[Adityawarman]], known for his chronicle in [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]].<ref>{{cite book | title = They Came to Malaya | author = Swaran Ludher | publisher = Xlibris Corporation | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781503500365| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZBvBgAAQBAJ&q=Adityawarman+Gajah+Mada+general&pg=PT16}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Cetbang Majapahit of 1470-1478, collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.6|Bronze cannon, called [[cetbang]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the ''[[Surya Majapahit]]'' emblem on the bronze cannon.]]
The nature of the Majapahit empire and its extent is subject to debate. It may have had limited or entirely notional influence over some of the [[vassal|tributary states]], including Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, [[Kalimantan]], and eastern Indonesia, over which authority was claimed in the ''Nagarakretagama''.<ref name="atlas">Cribb, Robert, ''Historical Atlas of Indonesia'', University of Hawai'i Press, 2000</ref> Geographical and economic constraints suggest that rather than a regular centralised authority, the outer states were most likely to have been connected mainly by trade connections, which were probably a royal monopoly.<ref name="ricklefs" />{{rp|page=19}} It also claimed relationships with [[Champa]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand|Siam]], southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even sent missions to China.<ref name="ricklefs" />{{rp|page=19}} Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighbouring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining a larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago.

About the time Majapahit was founded, [[Muslim]] traders and [[proselytise]]rs began entering the area. The Troloyo/Tralaya tomb, a remnant of Islamic cemetery compound was discovered within the Trowulan area, the royal capital of Majapahit. Experts suggest that the cemetery was used between 1368 and 1611 AD, which means Muslim traders had resided in the capital as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of Hayam Wuruk.<ref name="Adrisijanti">{{cite book|last=Adrisijanti|first=Inajati|title=Majapahit: Batas Kota dan Jejak Kejayaan di Luar Kota|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2054/1/Buku%20Majapahit2.pdf|publisher=Kepel Press|year=2014|isbn=978-602-1228-70-8|location=Yogyakarta|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313000000/http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2054/1/Buku%20Majapahit2.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2021|access-date=15 March 2020|url-status=live}} [https://archive.org/details/majapahit-batas-kota-dan-jejak-kejayaan/mode/2up Alt URL]</ref>{{rp|185, 196}} Two Muslim tombstones in Troloyo were dated from the 14th century (1368 AD, 1376 AD). The close proximity of the site with the ''kraton'' means there were Muslim people in close relation with the court.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manguin |first1=Pierre-Yves |last2=Nicholl |first2=Robert |date=1985 |title=The Introduction of Islam into Champa |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 [6]}}</ref>