Editing Madagascar (section)

===Military and law enforcement===
{{Main|Military of Madagascar|Law enforcement in Madagascar}}
The rise of centralized kingdoms among the Sakalava, Merina and other ethnic groups produced the island's first standing armies by the 16th century, initially equipped with spears but later with muskets, cannons and other firearms.<ref>Barendse (2002), pp. 259–274</ref> By the early 19th century, the Merina sovereigns of the Kingdom of Madagascar had brought much of the island under their control by mobilizing an army of trained and armed soldiers numbering as high as 30,000.<ref name="army">Freeman & Johns (1840), p. 25</ref> French attacks on coastal towns in the later part of the century prompted then-Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony to solicit British assistance to provide training to the Merina monarchy's army. Despite the training and leadership provided by British military advisers, the Malagasy army was unable to withstand French weaponry and was forced to surrender following an attack on the royal palace at Antananarivo. Madagascar was declared a colony of France in 1897.<ref>Chapus & Mondain (1953), p. 377</ref>

The political independence and sovereignty of the Malagasy armed forces, which comprises an army, navy and air force, was restored with independence from France in 1960.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Military Balance 2010 |publisher = [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] |pages = 314–315, 467 |url = http://moorishwanderer.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/2010_report.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202850/http://moorishwanderer.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/2010_report.pdf |archive-date = 11 May 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date =1 April 2011}}</ref> Since this time the Malagasy military has never engaged in armed conflict with another state or within its own borders, but has occasionally intervened to restore order during periods of political unrest. Under the socialist Second Republic, Admiral Didier Ratsiraka instated mandatory national armed or civil service for all young citizens regardless of sex, a policy that remained in effect from 1976 to 1991.<ref>Sharp (2002), p. 87</ref><ref>Strakes (2006), p. 86</ref> The armed forces are under the direction of the Minister of Defense and have remained largely neutral during times of political crisis, as during the protracted standoff between incumbent Ratsiraka and challenger Marc Ravalomanana in the disputed 2001 presidential elections, when the military refused to intervene in favor of either candidate. This tradition was broken in 2009, when a segment of the army defected to the side of Andry Rajoelina, then-mayor of Antananarivo, in support of his attempt to force President Ravalomanana from power.<ref name=CrossroadsMarcus/>

The Minister of Interior is responsible for the national police force, paramilitary force (''gendarmerie'') and the secret police.<ref name=justiceMada/> The police and gendarmerie are stationed and administered at the local level. However, in 2009 fewer than a third of all communes had access to the services of these security forces, with most lacking local-level headquarters for either corps.<ref name=INSTAT/> Traditional community tribunals, called ''dina'', are presided over by elders and other respected figures and remain a key means by which justice is served in rural areas where state presence is weak. Historically, security has been relatively high across the island.<ref name=CrossroadsMarcus/> Violent crime rates are low, and criminal activities are predominantly crimes of opportunity such as pickpocketing and petty theft, although child prostitution, human trafficking and the production and sale of marijuana and other illegal drugs are increasing.<ref name=justiceMada/> Budget cuts since 2009 have severely impacted the national police force, producing a steep increase in criminal activity in recent years.<ref name=CrossroadsMarcus/>