Editing Lycia (section)

==== Renewed Achaemenid control (c. 430–333 BC) ====
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| title =Stand-alone Temple-like tombs
| image1   = Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 102.jpg
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| caption1 = Illustration of the original [[Nereid Monument]], tomb of King [[Arbinas]].
| image2   = Reconstruction Nereid Monument BM.jpg
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| caption2 = Reconstruction of the Nereid Monument, British Museum. This was a new "Greek Temple" type of tomb for Lycia, adopted circa 380 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mortensen |first1=Eva |last2=Poulsen |first2=Birte |title=Cityscapes and Monuments of Western Asia Minor: Memories and Identities |date=2017 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785708398 |page=273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU5mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273}}</ref>
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The Lycians once again fell under Persian domination, and by 412&nbsp;BC, Lycia is documented as fighting on the winning side of Persia. The Persian [[satraps]] were re-installed, but (as the coinage of the time attests) they allowed local dynasts the freedom to rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=262 |title=Lycian Dynasts |work=www.AsiaMinorCoins.com}}</ref>

The last known dynast of Lycia was [[Pericles, Dynast of Lycia|Perikles]]. He ruled 380–360 BC over eastern Lycia from [[Limyra]], at a time when Western Lycia was directly under Persian domination.<ref name="PC">{{cite book |last1=Houwink ten Cate |first1=Philo Hendrik Jan |title=The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera During the Hellenistic Period |date=1961 |publisher=Brill Archive |pages=12–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12}}</ref> Pericles took an active part in the [[Revolt of the Satraps]] against Achaemenid power, but lost his territory when defeated.<ref name="PC"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Briant |first1=Pierre |title=From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire |date=2002 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=9781575061207 |page=673 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA673}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite book |last1=Bryce |first1=Trevor |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134159079 |page=419 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA419}}</ref>

After Perikles, Persian rule was reestablished firmly in Lycia in 366 or 362 BC. Control was taken by [[Mausolus]], the satrap of nearby [[Caria]], who moved the satrap's residence to [[Halicarnassus]].<ref name="PC"/> Lycia was also ruled directly by the Carian dynast [[Pixodarus]], son of [[Hecatomnus]], as shown in the [[Xanthos trilingual inscription]].

Lycia was also ruled by men such as [[Mithrapata]] (late 4th century BC), whose name was Persian. Persia held Lycia until it was conquered by [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III (the Great)]] [[Macedon|of Macedon]] during 334–333&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |display-authors=et al |title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World: 500&nbsp;BC – AD&nbsp;600 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |location=New York |year=2002 |at=Plate 2.09}}</ref>

During the Alexander the Great period, [[Nearchus]] was appointed viceroy of Lycia and of the land adjacent to it as far as mount Taurus.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0074.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.6| title = Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 3.6}}</ref>

;Dynastic portraiture on coinage
{{See also|Coins}}
Although many of the first [[coin]]s in [[wikt:Antiquity|Antiquity]] illustrated the images of various gods, the first portraiture of actual rulers appears with the coinage of Lycia in the late 5th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |quote=The earliest attempts at portraiture appear to have taken place in Lycia. The heads of various dynasts appear on coins of the fifth century. |last1=Carradice |first1=Ian |title=Ancient Greek Portrait Coins |date=1978 |publisher=British Museum Publications |isbn=9780714108490 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FdmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="SW">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Shearer |last2=Birmingham |first2=Shearer |title=Portraiture |date=2004 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780192842589 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3sRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68}}</ref> No ruler had dared to illustrate his own portrait on coinage until that time.<ref name="SW"/> The Achaemenids had been the first to illustrate the person of their king or a hero in a stereotypical undifferentiated manner, showing a bust or the full body, but never an actual portrait, on their [[Sigloi]] and [[Daric]] coinage from circa 500 BC.<ref name="SW"/><ref name="Root">{{cite journal |last1=Root |first1=Margaret Cool |title=The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism |journal=Revue des Études Anciennes |date=1989 |volume=91 |pages=43–50 |doi=10.3406/rea.1989.4361 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1989_num_91_1_4361}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |page=20 |title=Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I |journal=The Celator |volume=26 |issue=2 |date=February 2012 |url=https://community.vcoins.com/thecelator/The-Celator-Vol.26-No.02-Feb-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161656/https://community.vcoins.com/thecelator/The-Celator-Vol.26-No.02-Feb-2012.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> From the time of [[Alexander the Great]], portraiture of the issuing ruler would then become a standard, generalized, feature of coinage.<ref name="SW"/>

<gallery>
File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Kherei. Circa 440-30-410 BC.jpg|Coin of the dynast of Lycia, [[Kherei]], with [[Athena]] on the obverse, and himself wearing the [[Bashlik|Persian cap]] on the reverse. 410–390 BC.
File:Official receiving Visitors, Xanthos, Nereid Monument, Frieze II, Block 879.jpg|Dynast [[Arbinas]], in Persian dress, receiving emissaries. Scene from the upper podium frieze of the [[Nereid Monument]], c. 380 BC.
File:Silver stater of Mithrapata of Lycia (c. 390–370 BC).jpg|Portrait of Lycian ruler [[Mithrapata]] (ruled 390–370 BC).
File:DYNASTS of LYCIA. Perikles. Circa 380-360 BC.jpg|Coin of [[Pericles, Dynast of Lycia|Perikles]], last king of Lycia. Circa 380–360 BC.
File:Lycian sarcophagus.jpg|"[[Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon]]", [[Sidon]], end of 5th century BC. 
</gallery>