Editing Lobopodia (section)

===Stem-group arthropods===

Compared to other panarthropod stem-groups, suggestion on the lobopodian members of arthropod stem-group is relatively consistent  — siberiid like ''[[Megadictyon]]'' and ''[[Jianshanopodia]]'' occupied the basalmost position, gilled lobopodians ''[[Pambdelurion]]'' and ''[[Kerygmachela]]'' branch next, and finally lead to a clade compose of ''[[Opabinia]]'', [[Radiodonta]] and Euarthropoda (crown-group arthropods).<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11" />{{excessive citations inline|date=December 2024}} Their positions within arthropod stem-group are indicated by numerous arthropod groundplans and intermediate forms (e.g. arthropod-like digestive glands, radiodont-like frontal appendages and dorso-ventral appendicular structures link to arthropod biramous appendages).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /> Lobopodian ancestry of arthropods also reinforced by genomic studies on extant taxa — gene expression support the homology between arthropod appendages and onychophoran lobopods, suggests that modern less-segmented arthropodized appendages evolved from annulated lobopodous limbs.<ref name=":21" /> On the other hand, primary antennae and frontal appendages of lobopodians and [[dinocaridida|dinocaridids]] may be homologous to the [[Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)|labrum]]/hypostome complex of euarthropods, an idea support by their protocerebral origin<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":14" /> and developmental pattern of the labrum of extant arthropods.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":10" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:20191201 Radiodonta Amplectobelua Anomalocaris Aegirocassis Lyrarapax Peytoia Laggania Hurdia.png|[[Radiodonta|Radiodonts]] are stem-group [[arthropod]]s with gilled lobopodian-like body flaps, arthropodized frontal appendages and [[Eyestalk|stalked]] [[compound eye]]s.
File:20191112 Pambdelurion whittingtoni.png|Restoration of ''[[Pambdelurion]]'' a "gilled lobopodian" related to arthropods, which has both pairs of lobopods and lateral flaps.
</gallery>

''[[Diania]]'', a genus of armoured lobopodian with stout and spiny legs, were originally thought to be associated within the arthropod stem-group based on its apparently arthropod-like (arthropodized) trunk appendages.<ref name=":24" /> However, this interpretation is questionable as the data provided by the original description are not consistent with the suspected phylogenic relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mounce|first1=Ross C. P.|last2=Wills|first2=Matthew A.|date=August 2011|title=Phylogenetic position of Diania challenged|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51563233|journal=Nature |volume=476|issue=7359|pages=E1; discussion E3–4|doi=10.1038/nature10266|pmid=21833044|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=2011Natur.476E...1M|s2cid=4417903|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Legg|first1=David|last2=Ma |first2=Xiaoya |last3=Wolfe|first3=Joanna|last4=Ortega-Hernández|first4=Javier |last5=Edgecombe |first5=Gregory|last6=Sutton |first6=Mark|date=2011-08-11 |title=Lobopodian phylogeny reanalysed |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51563234 |journal=Nature |volume=476|issue=7359|pages=E2–3; discussion E3|doi=10.1038/nature10267|pmid=21833046 |bibcode=2011Natur.476Q...1L|s2cid=4310063|doi-access=free}}</ref> Further re-examination even revealed that the suspected arthropodization on the legs of ''Diania'' was a misinterpretation — although the spine may have hardened, the remaining cuticle of ''Diania''<nowiki/>'s legs were soft (not harden nor scleritzed), lacking any evidence of pivot joint and arthrodial membrane, suggest the legs are lobopods with only widely spaced annulations.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> Thus, the re-examination eventually reject the evidence of arthropodization (sclerotization, segmentation and articulation) on the appendages as well as the fundamental relationship between ''Diania'' and arthropods.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />