Editing Livermore, California (section)

==Economy==

===Laboratories===
The Livermore area is the home of two [[United States Department of Energy National Laboratories|US Department of Energy National Laboratories]]. The laboratories are known worldwide, and attract significant attention both for their scientific research and for their major roles in developing the United States nuclear arsenal.

The [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) is the largest employer in Livermore, as of 2022, employing about 15% of the population.<ref name=":12" /> LLNL's defining responsibility is to "ensure the safety, security and reliability of the nation’s nuclear deterrent," but it also does a wide variety of other research, including co-discovering [[livermorium]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory |url=https://www.llnl.gov/about |access-date=March 13, 2023 |website=www.llnl.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Livermore is also the California site of [[Sandia National Laboratories]], the second largest employer in Livermore (employing about 3%).<ref name=":12" /> It also describes itself as being focused on "national security".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Sandia |url=https://www.sandia.gov/about/ |access-date=March 19, 2023 |website=About Sandia |language=en-US}}</ref> It is managed and operated by a subsidiary of [[Honeywell International]].

===i-GATE===
In 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=i-GATE |url=https://www.igateihub.org/ |access-date=March 19, 2023 |website=i-GATE |language=en-US}}</ref> the two National Laboratories, along with other stakeholders, including the [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[University of California, Davis|UC Davis]], and regional cities, partnered to create the i-GATE (Innovation for Green Advanced Transportation Excellence) National Energy Systems Technology (NEST) Incubator, part of the Central Valley. The {{convert|15,000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} i-GATE NEST campus was created to stimulate large-scale, high-tech business development drawn by the two labs. Initial focus of the campus was solar energy, [[fuel cell]]s, [[biofuel]]s, [[Light emitting diode|LED]] lighting, and other related technologies.<ref>"Campus an incubator for innovation", Jeanine Benca (Hayward) ''Daily Review'', July 8, 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/california-selects-livermore-valley%E2%80%99s-i-gate-as-state-innovation-hub/ |title=California selects Livermore Valley's i-GATE as state innovation hub – Sandia Labs News Releases<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=July 10, 2011 |archive-date=October 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015031645/https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/california-selects-livermore-valley%e2%80%99s-i-gate-as-state-innovation-hub/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> i-GATE shares its facilities with the [[hackerspace]] Robot Garden,<ref>[http://www.robotgarden.org Robot Garden]</ref> which provides public access on weekends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.robotgarden.org/workshop/|title=Workshop - Robot Garden|website=www.robotgarden.org|date=January 10, 2015|access-date=June 5, 2018}}</ref>

=== Wine ===
{{Main|Livermore Valley AVA}}
[[File:Southeast Livermore vineyard neighborhood.jpg|alt=Livermore neighborhood|thumb|Southeast Livermore neighborhood surrounded by vineyards]]
One of California's oldest wine regions, the Livermore Valley [[American Viticultural Area]] (AVA) played a pivotal role in shaping California's wine industry. In the 1840s, California pioneers looking for outstanding vineyard sites began planting grapes in the region. Robert Livermore planted the first commercial vines in the 1840s. After California joined the union as the 31st state in 1850, pioneer winemakers C. H. Wente, a first-generation immigrant from Germany<ref>Wente family [http://www.wentevineyards.com/winery/winery_history/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325104918/http://wentevineyards.com/winery/winery_history/|date=March 25, 2013}} accessed March 25, 2013</ref> (founder of [[Wente Vineyards]]), James Concannon, a first generation Irishman<ref>Concannon family [http://www.concannonvineyard.com/legacy/legacy-concannon-family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125000007/http://www.concannonvineyard.com/legacy/legacy-concannon-family|date=November 25, 2012}} accessed March 25, 2013</ref> (founder of [[Concannon Vineyard]]), and Charles Wetmore, a Portland, Maine-born pioneer of California<ref>Charles Wetmore [http://wineblog.bryersantis.com/2011/09/10/charles-wetmore-father-of-the-california-wine-industry/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802002707/http://wineblog.bryersantis.com/2011/09/10/charles-wetmore-father-of-the-california-wine-industry/|date=August 2, 2014}} accessed March 25, 2013</ref> (founder of [[Cresta Blanca Winery]]), recognized the area's winegrowing potential and bought land, planted grapes and founded their wineries in the 1880s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livermore Valley Winegrowers Association {{!}} History & Terroir |url=https://www.lvwine.org/history.php |access-date=March 19, 2023 |website=Livermore Valley Winegrowers Association |language=en}}</ref>

Charles Wetmore went to France in 1878 when he was appointed a delegate for the California Viticultural Association to the Paris Exposition. Wetmore was able in 1882 to obtain Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, and Muscat de Bordelais cuttings from one of the most prestigious vineyards in France, Chateau Yquem. These superior clones helped revitalize the California wine industry. In 1889 Wetmore won the grand prize for his first pressing (1884) in the 1889 Paris Exposition. Wetmore shared these cuttings with other growers, including C. H. Wente, who used the Chateau Yquem grape cuttings to eventually produce their Chateau Wente wine.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Top employers===

According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in Livermore are:<ref name=":12">{{cite web| url=https://www.livermoreca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/9949/638134466333639436| title=City of Livermore ACFR FY2022 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |publisher=City of Livermore |page=151}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of employees
|-
|1
|[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]
|8,100
|-
|2
|[[Sandia National Laboratories]]
|1,770
|-
|3
|[[Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District]]
|1,351
|-
|4
|[[Lam Research]]
|1,205
|-
|5
|[[Cascade Microtech|Form Factor]]
|950
|-
|6
|[[Kaiser Permanente]]
|935
|-
|7
|[[Gillig Corporation]]
|920
|-
|8
|[[US Foodservice]]
|690
|-
|9
|[[Topcon#Topcon Positioning Systems|Topcon Positioning Systems]]
|500
|-
|10
|[[Las Positas College]]
|478
|}

[[Gillig Corporation]], a large manufacturer of buses, moved its factory to Livermore in May 2017 and, at the time of the move, the company estimated its employment at the new facility to be 800 initially and 850 after the filling of then-open positions.<ref name="EBTimes-2017may19">{{cite news|last=Ruggiero|first=Angela|title=Final day in Hayward as bus manufacturing titan Gillig heads to Livermore|newspaper=[[East Bay Times]]|date=May 19, 2017|url=http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2017/05/19/final-day-in-hayward-as-bus-manufacturing-titan-gillig-heads-to-livermore/|access-date=June 18, 2017}}</ref>

Livermore's largest employers, [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] and [[Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia National Laboratory]] are [[United States Department of Energy National Laboratories]], located inside the city limits since 2011, and are included in the above table.

[[Architectural Glass and Aluminum]] moved its headquarters to Livermore in 2013, with 80 employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glassmagazine.com/news-item/commercial/aga-expands-and-moves-new-headquarters-livermore-calif-1310823|title=AGA expands and moves to new headquarters in Livermore, Calif. {{!}} Glass Magazine|website=glassmagazine.com|language=en|access-date=March 22, 2018|archive-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092318/https://glassmagazine.com/news-item/commercial/aga-expands-and-moves-new-headquarters-livermore-calif-1310823|url-status=dead}}</ref> They expanded and changed to 100% employee ownership in 2015.<ref>Alan Dorich, [http://managementtoday-magazine.com/index.php/sections/construction-and-infrastructure/522-architectural-glass-a-aluminum "Architectural Glass & Aluminium"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143335/http://managementtoday-magazine.com/index.php/sections/construction-and-infrastructure/522-architectural-glass-a-aluminum |date=April 27, 2015 }}, ''Management Today Magazine'', Retrieved April 20, 2015</ref>