Editing Lincoln, England (section)

==Geography and environment==
Lincoln lies at an altitude of {{convert|67|ft|1|abbr=on}} by the River Witham up to {{convert|246|ft|1|abbr=on}} on Castle Hill. It fills a gap in the [[Lincoln Cliff]] [[escarpment]], which runs north and south through [[Central Lincolnshire]], with altitudes up to {{convert|200|ft|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name="EN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca45+47_tcm6-5658.pdf |title=Northern Lincolnshire Edge with Coversands and Southern Lincolnshire Edge |publisher=Natural England |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904115017/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca45%2B47_tcm6-5658.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city lies on the [[River Witham]], which flows through this gap. The city is {{convert|55|mi|km}} southwest of [[Kingston-on-Hull|Hull]], {{convert|32|mi|km}} north-east of [[Nottingham]], {{convert|47|mi|km}} north of [[Peterborough]], {{convert|73|mi|km}} southeast of [[Leeds]] and {{convert|40|mi|km}} east south-east of [[Sheffield]].

===Uphill and Downhill===
Due to the variation in altitude, which presents something of an obstacle, Lincoln is divided informally into two zones: uphill and downhill.

The uphill area comprises the northern part of the city, on top of the Lincoln Cliff (to the north of the gap). This includes the historical quarter, including [[Lincoln Cathedral]], [[Lincoln Castle]] and the Medieval Bishop's Palace, known locally as The Bail (though described in tourist literature as the Cathedral Quarter).<ref name="BeachyRoth2007">{{Cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Beachy |first2=Ralf |last2=Roth |title=Who Ran the Cities?: City Elites and Urban Power Structures in Europe and North America, 1750–1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQzGUZasbQkC&pg=PA74 |access-date=12 June 2013 |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-5153-6 |pages=74–78 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629020924/http://books.google.com/books?id=UQzGUZasbQkC&pg=PA74 |archive-date=29 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also has residential suburbs to the north and north-east. The downhill area comprises the [[Lincoln City Centre|city centre]] and suburbs to the south and south-west. [[Steep Hill]] is a narrow, pedestrian street directly connecting the two. It passes through an archway known as the [[Guildhall and Stonebow, Lincoln|Stonebow]].

This divide, peculiar to Lincoln, was once an important class distinction, with uphill more affluent and downhill less so. The distinction dates from the time of the [[Norman Conquest]], when the religious and military elite occupied the hilltop.<ref name="BeachyRoth2007"/> The expansion of suburbs in both parts of the city since the mid-19th century has diluted the distinction.

===Ecology===
The [[mute swan]] is an iconic species for Lincoln. Many pairs nest each year beside the Brayford, and they feature on the university's heraldic emblem. Other bird life within the city includes [[peregrine falcon]], [[tawny owl]] and [[common kingfisher]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lincolncathedral.com/peregrines/ |title=Peregrines at Lincoln Cathedral |date=14 March 2016 |website=Lincoln Cathedral |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202726/https://lincolncathedral.com/peregrines/ |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/areas-of-lincoln/brayford-waterfront/explore-the-brayford/ |title=Explore the Brayford |website=Visit Lincoln |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203204252/https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/areas-of-lincoln/brayford-waterfront/explore-the-brayford/ |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mammals on the city edges include [[red fox]], [[roe deer]] and [[least weasel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/nice-day-stroll-deer-shocks-2986913 |title=Lincolnshire Live – Nice Day for a Stroll! Deer Shocks Locals by Walking through a Lincoln Housing Estate |date=17 June 2019 |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618145916/https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/nice-day-stroll-deer-shocks-2986913 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[European perch]], [[northern pike]] and [[bream]] are among fishes seen in the Witham and Brayford.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/15-best-fishing-locations-lincolnshire-70848 |title=15 of the best fishing locations in Lincolnshire |first=Daniel |last=Smith |date=23 June 2014 |website=lincolnshirelive |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327140023/https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/15-best-fishing-locations-lincolnshire-70848 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nature reserves around the city include Greetwell Hollow SSSI, Swanholme SSSI, [[Whisby Moor|Whisby Nature Park]], [[Boultham|Boultham Mere]] and [[Hartsholme Country Park]].

Since 2016, [[little egret]]s have nested in the Birchwood area and [[Eurasian otter|otters]] appeared in the River Witham. Both are native to Britain and repopulating the area after near extermination.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/family-otters-caught-camera-swimming-1529156 |title=Family of otters caught on camera swimming in the Witham in Lincoln |first=Holly |last=O'Flinn |date=3 May 2018 |website=lincolnshirelive |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005814/https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/family-otters-caught-camera-swimming-1529156 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/conservationists-and-anglers-clash-over-otters-return-1-8309880/ |title=Conservationists and anglers clash over otters' return |date=1 January 2018 |website=Grantham Journal |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202703/https://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/conservationists-and-anglers-clash-over-otters-return-1-8309880/ |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several invasive species of plants and animals have reached Lincoln. [[Japanese knotweed]] and [[Himalayan balsam]] are Asian plant species around the River Witham. [[Galinsoga]] and [[Amsinckia]] are American species found among city weeds, also [[American mink]] which are occasionally seen on the Witham.

===Built-up area===
The Lincoln built-up area extends outside of the city boundaries and includes the town of [[North Hykeham]] and the villages of [[Bracebridge Heath]], [[Canwick]], [[South Hykeham]] and [[Waddington, Lincolnshire|Waddington]]. It had a population of 115,000 according to the 2011 census.<ref name="2011BUAcensus">{{NOMIS2011 |id=E34005030 |title=Lincoln Built-up Area |access-date=17 April 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

===Districts and suburban areas===
Despite its relatively limited district boundaries, Lincoln has had many older suburbs which date as far back as its Roman origins. Notable historic districts, that still survive in name or other uses include:

*'''[[Monks Road]]''' - Historically known as the "East End" of Lincoln. The area is home to many older and newer buildings which include but are not limited to: [[All Saints' Church, Lincoln|All Saints' Church]], [[Lincoln College, Lincolnshire|Lincoln College]], [[St Hugh's Church, Lincoln|St Hugh's Church]], [[Lincoln Arboretum]], Monks Abbey and partly [[Lincoln County Hospital]]. The area is the most culturally diverse area of the city in terms of residents from ethnic backgrounds and religions. 

*'''[[Newland, Lincoln|Newland]]''' - Historically home to the port of Lincoln on the [[River Witham]], now [[Brayford Pool]] is one of the oldest areas of the city. It dates back to as far as 1100 and remains one of the most busy and historic areas of the city itself. It is home to a range of old and new buildings including: [[Alive Church, Lincoln|Alive Church]], Brayford Pool, [[University of Lincoln|Lincoln University]], [[Lincoln City Hall]] and Chimes Water Clock.

*'''[[Newport, Lincoln|Newport]]''' - Historically home to part of the historic [[castra]] of the settlement of [[Lindum Colonia]] (now Lincoln) and dating back to 1269. It is most notable for its landmarks such as the [[Newport Arch]], Bailgate Methodist Church, [[Westgate Water Tower]], St Nicholas Church and the [[Bishop Grosseteste University]]. 

*'''[[West End, Lincoln|West End]]''' - Historically part of the Roman City of Lucy Tower. It is mostly a residential area made up of old and new properties. It is home to notable landmarks including [[Lincoln Racecourse|Lincoln Grand Stand]], West Common, St Faith's Church and the [[Foss Dyke]]. 

*'''[[Wigford]]''' - Historically separate from the city, it is now the main [[High Street, Lincoln|High Street]] between [[Lincoln City Centre]] and [[St Catherine's, Lincoln|St Catherine's]]. Wigford is home to many landmarks of Lincoln including [[St Mary le Wigford|St Mary le Wigford Church]], [[Guildhall and Stonebow, Lincoln|Guildhall and Stonebow]], [[St Peter at Gowts|St Peter at Gowts Church]], [[Church of St Basil and St Paisios, Lincoln|St Botolph's Church]], [[Central Methodist Church, Lincoln|Central Methodist Church]], the [[Thomas Cooper Memorial Baptist Church]], [[Sincil Bank|Sincil Dyke]], [[St Benedict's Church, Lincoln|St Benedict's Church]] and the [[Cornhill Quarter, Lincoln|Cornhill Quarter]].

Other areas of the city include historical hamlets and villages such as [[Boultham Moor]], [[Bracebridge, Lincolnshire|Bracebridge]] and Swallowbeck. As well as small parts of the nearby town of [[North Hykeham]] and parts of villages of [[Canwick]] and [[Waddington, Lincolnshire|Waddington]]. As well as the former [[RAF Skellingthorpe]] site now occupied by [[Birchwood, Lincoln|Birchwood]]. Lincoln is also undergoing major expansion with a brand new [[Lincoln Western Growth Corridor|Western Growth Corridor]] between [[Skellingthorpe]], Birchwood and [[Hartsholme]].

===Climate===
Lincoln has a typical East Midland [[maritime climate]] of cool summers and mild winters. The nearest [[Meteorological Office|Met Office]] weather station is at [[RAF Waddington]], {{convert|4|mi|0|abbr=off}} to the south. Temperature extremes since 1948 have ranged between {{convert|40.3|C|F}} on [[2022 European heat waves|19 July 2022]],<ref name="synop reports summary">{{Cite web|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=https://www.https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=03377&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2022&mes=07&day=19&hora=18 |title=synop reports summary |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719223721/https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=03377&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2022&mes=07&day=19&hora=18 |url-status=live}}</ref> and {{convert|-15.6|C|F}} in February 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=8&year=1956&indexid=TNn&stationid=351 |title=1956 temperature |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605185504/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=8&year=1956&indexid=TNn&stationid=351 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> A former weather station holds the record for the lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded in England in the month of December: {{convert|-9.0|C|F}} on 17 December 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[UKMO]] |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/extremes/monthly_temperature_country.html |title=1981 temperature |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206164520/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/extremes/monthly_temperature_country.html |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The lowest recent temperature was {{convert|-10.4|C|F}} in December 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=18&year=2010&indexid=TNn&stationid=351 |title=2010 temperature |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605185519/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=18&year=2010&indexid=TNn&stationid=351 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> although another weather station at [[Scampton]], a similar distance north of the city centre, fell to {{convert|-15.6|C|F}}, so equalling Waddington's record low set in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/SCAMPTON_RAF/07-12-2010/33730.htm |title=2010 Scampton temperature |access-date=9 November 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529105754/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/12-2010/ws-33730.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box|location = [[RAF Waddington|Waddington]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|4|mi|0|abbr=out}} from the Lincoln city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present
|collapsed = 
|metric first = y
|single line  = y
|Jan record high C = 14.2
|Feb record high C = 17.4
|Mar record high C = 22.4
|Apr record high C = 27.0
|May record high C = 27.8
|Jun record high C = 32.4
|Jul record high C = 40.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 30.0
|Oct record high C = 29.2
|Nov record high C = 17.8
|Dec record high C = 15.5
|Jan high C = 7.0
|Feb high C = 7.7
|Mar high C = 10.2
|Apr high C = 13.1
|May high C = 16.3
|Jun high C = 19.1
|Jul high C = 21.6
|Aug high C = 21.4
|Sep high C = 18.3
|Oct high C = 14.1
|Nov high C = 9.9
|Dec high C = 7.2
|year high C = 13.9
|Jan mean C = 4.3
|Feb mean C = 4.7
|Mar mean C = 6.6
|Apr mean C = 9.0
|May mean C = 12.0
|Jun mean C = 14.8
|Jul mean C = 17.1
|Aug mean C = 17.0
|Sep mean C = 14.4
|Oct mean C = 10.9
|Nov mean C = 7.1
|Dec mean C = 4.6
|year mean C = 10.2
|Jan low C = 1.6
|Feb low C = 1.7
|Mar low C = 3.0
|Apr low C = 4.9
|May low C = 7.6
|Jun low C = 10.5
|Jul low C = 12.7
|Aug low C = 12.6
|Sep low C = 10.5
|Oct low C = 7.6
|Nov low C = 4.3
|Dec low C = 2.0
|year low C = 6.6
|Jan record low C = -13.8
|Feb record low C = -15.6
|Mar record low C = -11.1
|Apr record low C = -4.7
|May record low C = -2.0
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 3.3
|Aug record low C = 3.9
|Sep record low C = 0.0
|Oct record low C = -3.2
|Nov record low C = -6.7
|Dec record low C = -14.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 47.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 36.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 44.3
|May precipitation mm = 47.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 60.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 60.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 58.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 52.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 61.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 56.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 51.9
|year precipitation mm = 614.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 10.6
|Feb precipitation days = 9.0
|Mar precipitation days = 8.6
|Apr precipitation days = 8.9
|May precipitation days = 8.9
|Jun precipitation days = 9.3
|Jul precipitation days = 9.2
|Aug precipitation days = 9.3
|Sep precipitation days = 8.7
|Oct precipitation days = 10.7
|Nov precipitation days = 11.6
|Dec precipitation days = 10.7
|year precipitation days = 115.5
|Jan humidity = 86
|Feb humidity = 84
|Mar humidity = 80
|Apr humidity = 79
|May humidity = 77
|Jun humidity = 77
|Jul humidity = 77
|Aug humidity = 79
|Sep humidity = 80
|Oct humidity = 84
|Nov humidity = 85
|Dec humidity = 87
|year humidity = 81
|Jan sun = 62.2
|Feb sun = 86.0
|Mar sun = 125.6
|Apr sun = 168.2
|May sun = 211.6
|Jun sun = 190.8
|Jul sun = 206.3
|Aug sun = 192.0
|Sep sun = 146.7
|Oct sun = 109.3
|Nov sun = 71.3
|Dec sun = 61.3
|year sun = 1631.2
|source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages">{{Cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrws0hwg |title=Waddington (Lincolnshire) UK climate averages |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Met Office |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102001711/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrws0hwg |url-status=live }}</ref> [[NOAA]] (Relative humidity 1961–1990)<ref>{{Cite web
|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/UK/03377.TXT |title=Waddington climate normals 1961–1990 |access-date=21 March 2019 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]]<ref name="Indices Data – Waddington 351">{{Cite web |url=https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |title=Indices Data – Waddington 351 |access-date=7 February 2019 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = [[RAF Scampton|Scampton]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=out}} from the Lincoln city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|57|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals
|collapsed    = y
|metric first = y
|single line  = y
|Jan high C = 6.9
|Feb high C = 7.7
|Mar high C = 10.2
|Apr high C = 13.2
|May high C = 16.2
|Jun high C = 19.1
|Jul high C = 21.6
|Aug high C = 21.4
|Sep high C = 18.4
|Oct high C = 14.1
|Nov high C = 9.8
|Dec high C = 7.0
|year high C = 13.8
|Jan mean C = 4.0
|Feb mean C = 3.9
|Mar mean C = 6.3
|Apr mean C = 8.7
|May mean C = 11.6
|Jun mean C = 14.5
|Jul mean C = 16.8
|Aug mean C = 16.7
|Sep mean C = 14.1
|Oct mean C = 10.6
|Nov mean C = 6.6
|Dec mean C = 4.1
|year mean C = 9.9
|Jan low C = 1.1
|Feb low C = 1.0
|Mar low C = 2.3
|Apr low C = 4.1
|May low C = 7.0
|Jun low C = 10.0
|Jul low C = 12.1
|Aug low C = 12.0
|Sep low C = 9.8
|Oct low C = 7.0
|Nov low C = 3.6
|Dec low C = 1.1
|year low C = 5.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 48.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 35.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 44.5
|May precipitation mm = 45.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 65.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 58.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 57.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 53.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 58.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 59.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 53.5
|year precipitation mm = 619.4
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 10.6
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 8.8
|Apr precipitation days = 9.0
|May precipitation days = 8.9
|Jun precipitation days = 9.6
|Jul precipitation days = 9.6
|Aug precipitation days = 9.4
|Sep precipitation days = 9.4
|Oct precipitation days = 10.4
|Nov precipitation days = 11.9
|Dec precipitation days = 11.0
|year precipitation days = 118.1
|source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="metoffice.gov.uk">{{Cite web   |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrx784rv   |title=Scampton (Lincolnshire) UK climate averages   |access-date=1 January 2022   |archive-date=2 January 2022   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102070547/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrx784rv   |url-status=live   }}</ref>
}}