Editing Larynx (section)

===Disorders===
There are several things that can cause a larynx to not function properly.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Laitman|Reidenberg|1993}}</ref> Some symptoms are hoarseness, loss of voice, pain in the throat or ears, and breathing difficulties. 
* [[Acute laryngitis]] is the sudden inflammation and swelling of the larynx. It is caused by the common cold or by excessive shouting. It is not serious. 
* [[Chronic laryngitis]] is caused by smoking, dust, frequent yelling, or prolonged exposure to polluted air. It is much more serious than acute laryngitis.
* [[Presbylarynx]] is a condition in which age-related atrophy of the soft tissues of the larynx results in weak voice and restricted vocal range and stamina. Bowing of the anterior portion of the vocal colds is found on laryngoscopy.
* [[Peptic ulcer|Ulcers]] may be caused by the prolonged presence of an [[endotracheal tube]].
* [[Polyp (medicine)|Polyps]] and [[vocal cord nodule]]s are small bumps caused by prolonged exposure to [[tobacco smoke]] and vocal misuse, respectively.
* Two related types of [[cancer of the larynx]], namely [[squamous cell carcinoma]] and [[verrucous carcinoma]], are strongly associated with repeated exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol.
* [[Vocal cord paresis]] is weakness of one or both vocal cords that can greatly impact daily life.
* Idiopathic [[Laryngospasm|laryngeal spasm]].
* [[Laryngopharyngeal reflux]] is a condition in which acid from the stomach irritates and burns the larynx. Similar damage can occur with [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (GERD).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Laitman|Reidenberg|1997}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lipan|Reidenberg|Laitman|2006}}</ref>
* [[Laryngomalacia]] is a very common condition of infancy, in which the soft, immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation, causing airway obstruction.
* [[Laryngeal perichondritis]], the inflammation of the [[perichondrium]] of laryngeal cartilages, causing airway obstruction.
* [[Laryngeal paralysis]] is a condition seen in some mammals (including [[dog]]s) in which the larynx no longer opens as wide as required for the passage of air, and impedes [[respiration (physiology)|respiration]]. In mild cases it can lead to exaggerated or "raspy" breathing or [[Thermoregulation|panting]], and in serious cases can pose a considerable need for treatment.
* [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM) are spared from the lack of [[dystrophin]] and may serve as a useful model to study the mechanisms of muscle sparing in [[neuromuscular disease]]s.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com"/> Dystrophic ILM presented a significant increase in the expression of [[calcium-binding proteins]]. The increase of calcium-binding proteins in dystrophic ILM may permit better maintenance of calcium homeostasis, with the consequent absence of [[myonecrosis]]. The results further support the concept that abnormal calcium buffering is involved in these neuromuscular diseases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferretti R, Marques MJ, Pertille A, Santo Neto H | title = Sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and calsequestrin are overexpressed in spared intrinsic laryngeal muscles of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice | journal = Muscle & Nerve | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 609–615 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19301368 | doi = 10.1002/mus.21154 | s2cid = 25759998 }}</ref>