Editing Lake-effect snow (section)

=== Eurasia ===

==== Istanbul and northern Turkey ====
{{See also|Climate of Istanbul#Precipitation}}
Because the southern Black Sea is relatively warm (around 13&nbsp;°C or 55&nbsp;°F at the beginning of winter, typically 10 to 6&nbsp;°C or 50 to 43&nbsp;°F by the end), sufficiently cold air aloft can create significant snowfalls in a relatively short period of time.<ref name=":11">{{cite journal |last=Kindap |first=Tayfin |date=19 January 2010 |title=A Severe Sea-Effect Snow Episode Over the City of Istanbul |journal=Natural Hazards |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=703–23 |doi=10.1007/s11069-009-9496-7 |bibcode=2010NatHa..54..707K |issn=1573-0840 |s2cid=140188530}}</ref> Furthermore, cold air, when it arrives to the region, tends to move slowly, creating days and sometimes weeks of occasional lake-effect snowfall.<ref name=":11" /> 

The most populous city in the region, [[Istanbul]], is very prone to lake-effect snow and this weather phenomenon occurs almost every winter, despite winter averages of {{Convert|5|C|F}}, comparable to [[Paris]].<ref name="mgm20202">{{cite web |title=Resmi İstatistikler |url=https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=ISTANBUL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223163236/https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=ISTANBUL |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=mgm.gov.tr |publisher=Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü}}</ref> On multiple occasions, lake-effect snowfall events have lasted for more than a week, and official single-storm snow depth totals have exceeded {{convert|80|cm|ft in|sp=us}} downtown and {{convert|104|cm|ft in|sp=us}} around the city.<ref name="nytsnow">{{cite news |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |date=11 January 2017 |title=Snow Acts as a Magical Balm in an Anxious Turkey (Published 2017) |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/world/snow-in-istanbul.html |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="mgm20202" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Tayanç |first1=Mete |last2=Karaca |first2=Mehmet |last3=Dalfes |first3=H. Nüzhet |year=1998 |title=March 1987 Cyclone (Blizzard) over the Eastern Mediterranean and Balkan Region Associated with Blocking |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=126 |issue=11 |page=3036 |bibcode=1998MWRv..126.3036T |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<3036:MCBOTE>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free|hdl=11424/245760 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Earlier, unofficial measurements are often higher, due to the relative dearth of sufficiently old weather stations in the region; some sources claim up to {{convert|4|m|ft in|sp=us}} of snowfall during the blizzard of March 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1987 İstanbul kışında neler yaşandı? Tarihe geçen kar fırtınasından çarpıcı fotoğraflar |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/galeri/1987-istanbul-kisinda-neler-yasandi-tarihe-gecen-kar-firtinasindan-carpici-fotograflar-1913825 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=www.cumhuriyet.com.tr |language=tr}}</ref> 

Meanwhile, snowfall in mountainous provinces in this region is amplified by [[orographic effect]], often resulting in snowfall of several meters, especially at higher elevations.

==== Around the Baltic Sea ====
In Northern Europe, cold, dry air masses from Russia can blow over the [[Baltic Sea]] and cause heavy snow squalls on areas of the southern and eastern coasts of Sweden, as well as on the Danish island of [[Bornholm]], the east coast of [[Jutland]] and the northern coast of [[Poland]]. For the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, this happens mainly in the early winter, since it freezes later. Southeast Norway can also experience heavy sea snow events with east-north-easterly winds. Especially, coastal areas from [[Kragerø]] to [[Kristiansand]] have had incredible snow depths in the past with intense persistent snowbands from [[Skagerak]] (the coastal city of Arendal recorded {{convert|280|cm|in|abbr=on}} in a single week in late February 2007).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/59094/binary/5448 |title=Rapport om vær- og føreforhold i Agder i perioden 20.-28. februar 2007 |trans-title=Report on weather and driving conditions in Agder in the period 20–28 February 2007 |language=no |date=2007-05-01 |website=Statens vegvesen [State Highways Authority] |access-date=2019-10-25 |archive-date=2019-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025125918/https://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/59094/binary/5448 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although Fennoscandia is lined with an abundance of lakes, this type of snowfall is rare in these, due to the shallow freshwater freezing early in the cold interiors. One notable exception happened in the middle of May 2008, as [[Leksand]] on the since-long unfrozen lake of [[Siljan (lake)|Siljan]] got {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} on the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smhi.se/klimat/klimatet-da-och-nu/manadens-vader-och-vatten-sverige/maj-2008-bade-sommarvarme-och-sent-snofall-1.4213|title=Maj 2008 - Både sommarvärme och sent snöfall|language=sv|publisher=[[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]|date=2 June 2008|accessdate=31 March 2022|archive-date=October 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003051355/https://www.smhi.se/klimat/klimatet-da-och-nu/manadens-vader-och-vatten-sverige/maj-2008-bade-sommarvarme-och-sent-snofall-1.4213|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== East Asia ====
The Sea of Japan creates snowfall in the mountainous western Japanese prefectures of [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]] and [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]], parts of which are known collectively as [[Snow country (Japan)|snow country]] (''Yukiguni''). In addition to Japan, much of maritime Korea and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] experience these conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bao |first1=Baoleerqimuge |last2=Ren |first2=Guoyu |name-list-style=amp |date=May 2018 |title=Sea-Effect Precipitation over the Shandong Peninsula, Northern China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325825413 |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology |volume=57 |pages=1291–1308 |bibcode=2018JApMC..57.1291B |doi=10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0200.1 |s2cid=126039299 |via=ResearchGate |bibcode-access=free |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |number=6}}</ref>

==== Siberia ====
Strong winds and a very large, deep lake enhance snowfall around [[Lake Baikal]] in the fall; however, nearly the entire surface of the lake freezes from January until Spring, precluding lake-effect snow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surprising Bodies Of Water That Have Spawned Lake-Effect Snow |url=https://weather.com/news/weather/news/weird-bodies-lake-effect-snow-2017 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=The Weather Channel |first1=Chris |last1=Dolce |first2=Jonathan |last2=Belles |date=January 11, 2017 }}</ref>

==== Iran ====
Moving of polar or Siberian high-pressure centers along Caspian Sea regarding to relatively warmer water of this sea can make heavy snowfalls in the northern coast of Iran. Several blizzards have been reported in this region during the last decades. In February 2014, heavy snowfall reached {{convert|200|cm|in|abbr=on}} on the coastline in [[Gilan Province|Gilan]] and [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]] provinces of Iran. The heaviest snowfall was reported in [[Abkenar, Gilan|Abkenar village]] near [[Anzali Lagoon]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/83110/snow-blankets-iran |title=Snow Blankets Iran |date=February 11, 2014 |website=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007215233/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/83110/snow-blankets-iran |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26024415 |title=Iran snow cuts power to nearly 500,000 homes |website=BBC News |date=3 February 2014 |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024021621/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26024415 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/photogalleries/snow-pictures/ |title=Heavy Snow Kills Dozens in Asia |date=January 10, 2008 |website=[[National Geographic]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724020750/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/photogalleries/snow-pictures/ |archive-date=July 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20140214-iranians-facebook-save-villagers-snowstorm |title=Iranians use Facebook to save villagers from snowstorm |date=2014-02-14 |work=The Observers |publisher=[[France 24]] |access-date=2014-02-14 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043055/http://observers.france24.com/content/20140214-iranians-facebook-save-villagers-snowstorm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Caspian-lake-effect.gif|IRIMO<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irimo.ir |title=سازمان هواشناسی :: Weather |publisher=[[Iran Meteorological Organization]] |language=fa |access-date=2022-01-01 |archive-date=2014-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829023626/http://www.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> radar animation of lake effect snow in southern coast of Caspian Sea in the north of Iran
File:Caspiansatelliteimage.jpg|Lake-effect clouds over [[Caspian Sea]] on January 7, 2008
</gallery>

==== United Kingdom ====
In the United Kingdom, easterly winds bringing cold continental air across the [[North Sea]] can lead to a similar phenomenon. Locally, it is also known as "lake-effect snow" despite the snow coming in from the sea rather than a lake.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!searchin/uk.sci.weather/%22lake$20effect$20snow%22$20%22north$20sea%22 |title=Conversations |website=uk.sci.weather archives |access-date=2007-08-03 |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130014044/https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!searchin/uk.sci.weather/%22lake$20effect$20snow%22$20%22north$20sea%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly during a north-westerly wind, snow showers can form coming in from the [[Liverpool Bay]], coming down the [[Cheshire Plain|Cheshire gap]], causing snowfall in the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]—this formation resulted in the white Christmas of 2004 in the area, and most recently the heavy snowfall of 8 December 2017 and 30 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-47054419 |title=Snow closes schools in Greater Manchester plus city airports |date=30 January 2019 |website=BBC News |access-date=February 13, 2019 |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213204358/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-47054419 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/transport/2017/12/08/snow-hits-shropshire-and-mid-wales---live-updates/ |title=Heavy snow causes chaos in Shropshire - and there's more on the way |first=Nathan |last=Rowden |date=December 8, 2017 |newspaper=[[Shropshire Star]] |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100102/https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/transport/2017/12/08/snow-hits-shropshire-and-mid-wales---live-updates/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The best-known example occurred in [[January 1987 South-East England snowfall|January 1987]], when record-breaking cold air (associated with an upper low) moved across the North Sea towards the UK. The result was over 2&nbsp;ft of snow for coastal areas, leading to communities being cut off for over a week. The latest of these events to affect Britain's east coast occurred on November 30, 2017; February 28, 2018; and March 17, 2018; in connection with the [[2018 Great Britain and Ireland cold wave]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-42181673 |title=Snow falls on England's east coast beaches |date=30 November 2017 |website=BBC News |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331003446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-42181673 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second event of winter 2017/18 was particularly severe, with up to {{convert|27.5|in|cm}} falling in total over the 27th–28th.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/02/28/brutal-storm-is-pummeling-britain-with-heavy-snow-and-wicked-wind-chill/ |title=Brutal storm is pummeling Britain with heavy snow and wicked wind chill |first=John |last=Hopewell |date=February 28, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 7, 2018 |archive-date=September 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034135/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/02/28/brutal-storm-is-pummeling-britain-with-heavy-snow-and-wicked-wind-chill/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Similarly, northerly winds blowing across the relatively warm waters of the English Channel during cold spells can bring significant snowfall to the French region of Normandy, where snow drifts exceeding 10&nbsp;ft (3&nbsp;m) were measured in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.76actu.fr/neige-le-mois-de-mars-de-tous-les-records-en-normandie_28850/ |title=Neige. Le mois de mars de tous les records en Normandie |trans-title=Snow. The month of March of all records in Normandy |language=fr |date=14 March 2013 |work=actu.fr |access-date=2013-11-26 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015910/http://www.76actu.fr/neige-le-mois-de-mars-de-tous-les-records-en-normandie_28850/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Snow-chart.png|Chart showing the sea-effect snow event of January 1987 in the UK: A continuous stream of showers deposited over {{convert|2|ft|in}} of snow over SE coastal regions.
File:Lakeeffect.png|NetWeather<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.netweather.tv/ |title=Netweather |website=netweather.tv |access-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007215233/https://www.netweather.tv/ |url-status=live }}</ref> radar image showing "lake-effect" snow over [[Kent]] and northeast England
</gallery>