Editing Kingdom (biology) (section)

=== Eukaryotic supergroups ===
{{anchor|Kingdoms of the Eukaryota}}
{{Main|Supergroup (biology)}}

In 2004, a review article by Simpson and Roger noted that the Protista were "a [[Wastebasket taxon|grab-bag]] for all [[eukaryote]]s that are not animals, plants or fungi". They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that – while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating "literally dozens of eukaryotic 'kingdoms{{'"}}) – it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into "just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic".<ref name="SimpsonRoger2004">{{cite journal |title=The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes |last1=Simpson |first1=Alastair G.B. |last2=Roger|first2=Andrew J. |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=14|issue=17 |pages=R693–R696 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038 |pmid=15341755|year=2004|s2cid=207051421 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

On this basis, the diagram opposite (redrawn from their article) showed the real "kingdoms" (their quotation marks) of the eukaryotes.<ref name="SimpsonRoger2004" /> A classification which followed this approach was produced in 2005 for the International Society of Protistologists, by a committee which "worked in collaboration with specialists from many societies". It divided the eukaryotes into the same six "supergroups".<ref name=Adl2005>{{cite journal |vauthors=Adl SM, ((Simpson AGB)), Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Mccourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup Ø, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel FW, Taylor MF |display-authors=6 |title=The new higher-level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists |journal=[[Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology]] |year=2005|volume=52|issue=5 |pages=399–451 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x |pmid=16248873 |s2cid=8060916 |doi-access=free|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14409/files/PAL_E1847.pdf}}</ref> The published classification deliberately did not use formal taxonomic ranks, including that of "kingdom".

{{clade
|label1=[[Life]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
   |label1=Domain [[Bacteria]]
   |1={{clade |1= [[prokaryotic]] [[Bacteria]] }}
   }}
|2={{clade
   |label1=Domain [[Archaea]]
   |1={{clade |1= [[prokaryotic]] [[Archaea]]ns }}
   }}
|3={{clade
|label1=Domain [[Eukaryota]]
   |1={{clade
      |label1= [[Excavata]]
      |1= various [[flagellate]] protozoa
      |label2=[[Amoebozoa]]
      |2= most lobose [[amoeboid]]s and [[slime mould]]s
      |label3=[[Opisthokonta]]
      |3= [[animal]]s, [[fungus|fungi]], [[choanoflagellate]]s, etc.
      |label4=[[Rhizaria]]
      |4= [[Foraminifera]], [[Radiolaria]], and various other [[amoeboid]] protozoa
      |label5=[[Chromalveolate|Chromalveolata]]
      |5= [[Heterokont|Stramenopiles]] ([[Brown Algae]], [[Diatoms]], [[Ochrophyte|etc.]]), [[haptophyte|Haptophyta]], [[cryptomonad|Cryptophyta]] (or cryptomonads), and [[alveolate|Alveolata]]
      |label6=[[Archaeplastida]] (or [[Primoplantae]])
      |6= [[Embryophyte|Land plants]], [[green alga]]e, [[red alga]]e, and [[glaucophyte]]s
      }}
   }}
}}
}}

[[File:Eukaryote Phylogeny.png|alt=Eukaryotic tree of life showing the diversity of eukaryotic cells.|thumb|400px|One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships depicted by Alastair Simpson]]In this system the multicellular animals ([[Metazoa]]) are descended from the same ancestor as both the unicellular [[choanoflagellate]]s and the fungi which form the [[Opisthokonta]].<ref name=Adl2005/> Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.

However, in the same year as the International Society of Protistologists' classification was published (2005), doubts were being expressed as to whether some of these supergroups were monophyletic, particularly the Chromalveolata,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harper |first1=J.T. |last2=Waanders |first2=E. |last3=Keeling |first3=P.J. |year=2005|title=On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes|journal=[[International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology]] |volume=55|issue=Pt 1 |pmid=15653923 |pages=487–496 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.63216-0 |df=dmy-all |doi-access=free}}</ref> and a review in 2006 noted the lack of evidence for several of the six proposed supergroups.<ref name="parfrey">{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=Laura W. |last2=Barbero |first2=Erika |last3=Lasser |first3=Elyse|last4=Dunthorn |first4=Micah |year=2006|last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Debashish |last6=Patterson |first6=David J. |last7=Katz |first7=Laura A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity|journal=[[PLOS Genetics]] |volume=2|issue=12 |pages=e220 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220 |pmid=17194223 |pmc=1713255 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{As of|2019}}, there is widespread agreement that the Rhizaria belong with the Stramenopiles and the Alveolata, in a [[clade]] dubbed the [[SAR supergroup]],<ref name="Burki2007p4">{{Harvnb|Burki|Shalchian-Tabrizi|Minge|Skjæveland |2007|p=4}}</ref> so that Rhizaria is not one of the main eukaryote groups.<ref name="CavalierSmith2009"/><ref name="Burki2007">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Shalchian-Tabrizi |first2=Kamran |last3=Minge |first3=Marianne |last4=Skjæveland |first4=Åsmund |last5=Nikolaev |first5=Sergey I. |last6=Jakobsen |first6=Kjetill S. |last7=Pawlowski |first7=Jan |name-list-style=amp |editor1-last=Butler |year=2007 |editor1-first=Geraldine |title=Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=e790 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000790 |pmid=17726520 |pmc=1949142 |bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..790B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Burki2008">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Shalchian-Tabrizi|first2=Kamran |last3=Pawlowski |first3=Jan |year=2008|title=Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |pmid=18522922 |volume=4|issue=4|pmc=2610160|pages=366–369 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Burki2009">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=F. |last2=Inagaki |year=2009|first2=Y. |last3=Brate |first3=J. |last4=Archibald|first4=J.M. |last5=Keeling |first5=P.J. |last6=Cavalier-Smith |first6=T. |last7=Sakaguchi |first7=M. |last8=Hashimoto |first8=T. |last9=Horak |first9=A. |last10=Kumar |first10=S. |last11=Klaveness |first11=D.|author-link11=Dag Klaveness (limnologist)|last12=Jakobsen |first12=K.S. |last13=Pawlowski |first13=J. |last14=Shalchian-Tabrizi |first14=K. |title=Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic Chromalveolates|journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=1|pages=231–238 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evp022 |pmc=2817417 |pmid=20333193 |display-authors=8}}</ref><ref name="Hackett2007">{{cite journal |last1=Hackett |first1=J.D. |last2=Yoon |first2=H.S. |last3=Li |first3=S. |last4=Reyes-Prieto |first4=A.|last5=Rummele |first5=S.E. |last6=Bhattacharya |first6=D. |name-list-style=amp|year=2007|title=Phylogenomic analysis supports the monophyly of cryptophytes and haptophytes and the association of Rhizaria with chromalveolates |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |volume=24|issue=8|pages=1702–1713 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm089 |pmid=17488740 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{clear}}