Editing Kigali (section)

==Education==
[[File:One Laptop Per Child, Kigali.jpg|thumb|Pupils at Kagugu Primary School in Kigali, using laptops provided by the [[One Laptop per Child]] initiative|alt=Close-up photograph of schoolchildren in a classroom with green laptops, being assisted by an adult]]
In colonial and pre-genocide Rwanda, Butare was the country's principal centre for [[tertiary education]]. Early colleges such as the [[Nyakibanda Major Seminary]], founded in 1936, and three 1960s establishments including the [[National University of Rwanda]] (UNR), were all located in the southern city.{{sfn|World Bank|2004|pp=136–137}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/129854/archives-thematique/butare-silicon-valley/ |work=[[Jeune Afrique]] |date=5 April 2004 |title=Butare, Silicon Valley |first=Cherif |last=Ouazani |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://atom.archives.unesco.org/institut-pedagogique-national-du-rwanda-butare-rwa-2-2 |title=Item 1 – Institut Pédagogique National du Rwanda, Butaré (RWA.2) |date=6 January 1968 |access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] Archives AtoM Catalogue}}</ref> The first higher-education institution in Kigali was the [[Institut Africain et Mauricien de statistique et d'économie appliquée]], which was founded in 1976,{{sfn|World Bank|2004|pp=136–137}}{{sfn|Kiregyera|2015|p=30}} but the city did not become a major centre of learning until the second half of the 1990s. At that time, the public [[Kigali Health Institute]] (KHI), [[Kigali Institute of Science and Technology]] (KIST), and [[Kigali Institute of Education]] (KIE) were founded, along with private universities the [[Kigali Independent University]] (ULK) and the [[University of Lay Adventists of Kigali]] (UNILAK).{{sfn|World Bank|2004|pp=136–137}} Further institutions were added in Kigali in the 21st century, including the public [[School of Finance and Banking]] (SFB) in Gikondo and the private [[University of Kigali]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uok.ac.rw/ |title=University of Kigali – UoK |publisher=[[University of Kigali]] |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> as well as branches of foreign universities such as [[Mount Kenya University]] and [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s college of engineering.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/34650 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |title=The Sun is rising at Kigali's School of Finance and Banking |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mku.ac.ke/index.php/campus-history |publisher=[[Mount Kenya University]] |title=Kigali Campus History |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon University Africa]] |access-date=21 May 2020 |title=CMU Africa |url=https://www.cmu.edu/rwanda/}}</ref> As of 2018, there were a total of 50,594 students enrolled at tertiary institutions in Kigali, with a total of 28 separate campuses.{{sfn|MINEDUC|2018|p=112}}

In 2013, the government implemented significant changes in the country's public university system, intended to improve efficiency by removing duplicated courses of study and eliminating discrepancies in student assessment between the different schools. The previously independent Kigali institutions KHI, KIST, KIE and SFB were merged with three others from outside the city—the UNR, Nyagatare-based [[Umutara Polytechnic]] and Ruhengeri's [[Higher Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry]]—creating the consolidated [[University of Rwanda]]. It has six constituent colleges,{{sfn|Lemarchand|Tash|2015|p=162}} spanning nine campuses, three of which are in Kigali. These are the Gikondo campus, which serves as the university's headquarters and is home to its business and economics programmes, the Nyarugenge campus on the former KIST site, which houses the sciences, architecture and engineering, and the Remera campus which covers medicine, nursing, dentistry and health sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://admissions.ur.ac.rw/?q=node%2F13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507213846/https://admissions.ur.ac.rw/?q=node%2F13 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=7 May 2020 |publisher=[[University of Rwanda]] |title=Admissions – Information Centers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ur.ac.rw/?UR-Campus-Distribution-of-Programmes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507214001/https://ur.ac.rw/?UR-Campus-Distribution-of-Programmes |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=7 May 2020 |publisher=[[University of Rwanda]] |title=UR Campus Distribution of Programmes}}</ref>

In 2018 Kigali had 239 primary schools with 203,680 pupils enrolled,{{sfn|MINEDUC|2018|pp=101–103}} and 143 secondary schools with an enrolment of 60,997.{{sfn|MINEDUC|2018|pp=105–107}} The large rate of drop-out between primary and secondary, a phenomenon which occurs across Rwanda, is attributed by the [[Ministry of Education (Rwanda)|Ministry of Education]] and [[UNICEF]] to insufficient numeracy and English skills in primary-school finishers, cost, the need for children to contribute to household labour, and insufficient teaching resources.{{sfn|MINEDUC|UNICEF|2017|p=xvi}} The city's three districts occupied the top positions in the national table of exam results at primary level in 2019, although this success was not replicated at secondary level in which rural districts were the top performers. The top-three performing individual secondary schools offering the Rwandan syllabus—[[Forum for African Women Educationalists|FAWE Girls' School]], [[Petit Séminaire St Vincent de Ndera]], and [[Lycée Notre-Dame de Cîteaux]]—were all in Kigali, however.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/national-exams-kigali-dominates-primary-rural-schools-dominate-high-school |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |first=Emmanuel Côme |last=Mugisha |title=National exams: Kigali dominates in primary as rural schools dominate in high school |date=31 December 2019 |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> The city also has a number of private schools, which target wealthy Rwandans and expatriates, including the Green Hills Academy, [[École Belge de Kigali|École Belge]], and the [[International School of Kigali]]. These schools, which charge high fees, offer international programmes such as the [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] and the [[International Baccalaureate]] which enable students to study at universities worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/107024 |title=The era of elite international schools is here |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=6 May 2020 |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]}}</ref>

On 14 September 2022, the government announced that, starting with the academic year 2022–2023, parents will no longer pay school fees for students in pre-primary and primary, however, they will contribute Rwf975 for school feeding program. This will help parents with limited means be able to send their children at school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kagina |first=Alice |date=2022-09-15 |title=Rwanda: Govt Scraps Tuition Fees for Public Primary Schools |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202209150070.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref>