Editing Katipunan (section)

===''Kalayaan''===
{{Redirect|Ang Kalayaan||Kalayaan (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Cccasarealjf.JPG|thumb|left|175px|The printing machine used by the [[First Philippine Republic]] (now the Casa Real Shrine), where the newspapers La Independencia, El Heraldo de la Revolucion, Kalayaan, and Kaibingan ng Bayan were printed. During the Japanese occupation, the "Bulacan Military Area", under Captain [[Alejo Santos]], used this machine, against the Japanese.]]
''Kalayaan'' (Liberty/Freedom) was the official organ and newspaper of the Katipunan. It was first published March 1896 (even though its masthead was dated January 1896.)<ref name="kalayaan"/> The first ''Kalayaan'' issue has never been followed.

In 1895, the Katipunan bought an old hand-press with the money generously donated by two [[Visayan people|Visayan]] co-patriots Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban–who returned to the country after working as shell and pearl divers in Australia and had some money from a lottery win.<ref name="kalayaan">{{cite web|url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.kalayaan.htm|title=Notes on Kalayaan, the Katipunan paper|last=Rihardson|first=Jim|date=November 2005|access-date=August 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202082837/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.kalayaan.htm|archive-date=February 2, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Zaide|October 25, 1930}}</ref> They bought the press and a small quantity of [[Typeface|types]] from Antonio Salazar's "Bazar del Cisne" on Calle Carriedo, and Del Castillo transported it to the house of [[Andrés Bonifacio]] in [[Santa Cruz, Manila]].<ref name="kalayaan"/> On January 1, 1896, Valenzuela accepted the position as the Katipunan "fiscal" in exchange for Bonifacio's consent to send the printing press to his house in Calle de Lavezares, [[San Nicolas, Manila]], "so that he could assist and edit a monthly publication which would be the Katipunan's main organ".<ref name="kalayaan"/> Bonifacio agreed, and on mid-January, the press was delivered in San Nicolas.

The name ''Kalayaan'' was suggested by Dr. Pío Valenzuela, which was agreed both by Bonifacio and [[Emilio Jacinto]].<ref name="Kalayaan: biz">{{cite web|url=http://filipino.biz.ph/history/kalayaan.html|title=Kalayaan: The Katipunan Newspaper|work=Filipino.biz.ph|access-date=August 22, 2009|archive-date=November 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125134410/https://filipino.biz.ph/history/kalayaan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even though Valenzuela was chosen to become the editor of the organ, they all decided to use the name of [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]] as its editor. To fool the Spanish authorities, the ''Kalayaan'' was also decided to carry a false [[Masthead (American publishing)|masthead]] stating that it was being printed in [[Yokohama, Japan]].<ref name="zaide 158"/>

That very same month, January 1896, the publication of ''Kalayaan'' began. Valenzuela expected to complete it by the end of the month and so it was dated as such.<ref name="kalayaan"/> The existence of the press was kept in utmost secrecy. Under the supervision of Valenzuela, two printers, Faustino Duque, a student from [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]], and Ulpiano Fernández, a part-time printer at ''El Comercio'', printed the revolutionary literature of the society and ''Kalayaan''.

When Valenzuela was appointed the physician-general of the Katipunan, he passed on his editorial duties to Jacinto. Jacinto edited the articles after his pre-law classes in [[University of Santo Tomas]]. Since the press was in the old [[orthography]] and not in the new "[[Germanized]]" alphabet, as called by the Spaniards, there were no Tagalog letters such as "k", "w", "h" and "y". To solve this problem, Jacinto obliged his mother, Josefa Dizon, to buy typefaces that resembled such letters.<ref name="kalayaan"/> The typefaces used in its printing were purchased from publisher [[Isabelo de los Reyes]], but many were taken surreptitiously from the presses of the ''Diario de Manila'' by Filipino employees who were also members of the Katipunan.<ref name="zaide 158">{{Harvnb|Zaide|1957|p=158}}</ref>

According to Valenzuela, the printing process was so laborious that setting eight pages required two months to complete.<ref name="kalayaan"/> For weeks, Jacinto, Duque and Fernández (and sometimes Valenzuela) took turns in preparing the pages of the ''Kalayaan'', which was approximately nine by twelve inches in size.<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/>

In March 1896, the first copies of the January 1896 issue were secretly circulated with about 2,000 copies, according to Valenzuela.<ref>{{Harvnb|Woods|2006|p=44}}</ref> According to [[Epifanio de los Santos]], only 1,000 copies were printed: 700 were distributed by Bonifacio, 300 by Aguinaldo, and some 100 by Valenzuela himself.<ref name="kalayaan"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Epifanio|1918|p=79}}</ref>

The first issue contained a supposed editorial done by del Pilar, which, in fact, was done by Jacinto himself. It also included Bonifacio's ''Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa'', Valenzuela's ''Catuiran?'' and several works that exposed Spanish abuses and promoted patriotism.<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/> Copies spread to nearby [[Manila]] provinces, including Cavite, Morong (now [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]]), [[Caloocan|Kalookan]], and [[Malabon]]. Surprised by this initial success, Jacinto decided to print a second issue that would contain nothing but his works.<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/>

In August 1896, the second issue was prepared. It was during this time that Spanish authorities began to grow wary of anti-government activities and, suspecting the existence of a [[Subversion|subversive]] periodical in circulation (see [[#Discovery|below]]), raided the place where ''Kalayaan'' was being printed, at No. 6 Clavel Street, [[San Nicolas, Manila]].<ref name="Kalayaan: biz"/> Fortunately, the printers Duque and Fernández were warned in time, destroyed the incriminating molds and escaped. Therefore, Spanish authorities never found any evidence of the ''Kalayaan''.<ref name="zaide 158"/>