Editing Kanem–Bornu Empire (section)

=== Shehu of Borno, 1890s–1937 ===
[[File:Group of Kanem-Bu warriors.jpg|thumb|Kanembu warriors and their mounted chief in an illustration from [[Heinrich Barth|Heinrich Barth's]] ''Travels and Discoveries'', Vol. III, 1857]]
Although the dynasty ended, the kingdom of Kanem–Bornu survived. Umar eschewed the title ''mai'' for the simpler designation ''shehu'' (from the Arabic ''shaykh''), he could not match his father's vitality and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (''[[vizier|wazirs]]''). Bornu began a further decline as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant [[Wadai Empire|Waddai]] Empire to the east. The decline continued under Umar's sons. In 1893, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] led an invading army from eastern [[Sudan]] and conquered Bornu. Rabih's invasion led to the deaths of Shehu [[Ashimi of Borno|Ashimi]], Shehu [[Kyari of Borno|Kyari]], and Shehu [[Sanda Wuduroma of Borno|Sanda Wuduroma]] between 1893 and 1894. The British recognized Rabih as the 'Sultan of Borno', until the French killed Rabih on 22 April 1900 during the [[Battle of Kousséri]].

The French then occupied [[Dikwa]], Rabih's capital, in April 1902, after the British had occupied Borno in March. Yet, based on their 1893 treaty, most of Borno remained under British control, while the Germans occupied eastern Borno, including Dikwa, as 'Deutsch-Bornu'. The French did name [[Abubakar Garbai of Borno|Abubakar]], the Shehu of [[Dikwa Emirate]], until the British convinced him to be the Shehu of the Borno Emirate. The French then named his brother, Sanda, Shehu of Dikwa. Shehu Garbai formed a new capital, [[Yerwa]], on 9 January 1907. After [[World War I]], Deutsch-Bornu became the British [[Northern Cameroons]].
[[File:Sanda Kura Shehu of Dikwa.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Sanda Kura|Shehu Sanda Kura]] after the killing of [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] (1900)]]
Upon Shehu Abubakar's death in 1922, [[Sanda Kura]] became Shehu of Borno. Upon his death in 1937, his cousin, Shehu of Dikwa [[Umar Ibn Muhammad of Borno|Sanda Kyarimi]], became Shehu of Borno. As Vincent Hiribarren points out, "By becoming Shehu of the whole of Borno, Sanda Kyarimi reunited under his rule a territory which had been divided since 1902. For 35 years two Shehus had co-existed." In 1961, the Northern Cameroons voted to join Nigeria, effectively rejoining the territories of the kingdom of Bornu.<ref name=Vincent/>{{rp|51,63,71,87,106,133,137,144–145,157,164}}<ref name=Palmer/>{{rp|268–269}} The lands of the Bornu state were thus absorbed into the new [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate]], in the sphere of the [[British Empire]], and eventually became part of the independent state of Nigeria. A remnant of the old kingdom was (and still is) allowed to continue to exist, in subjection to the various Governments of the country as the [[Borno Emirate]].<ref>Hallam, ''Life'', 257–275.</ref><ref name=Kevin/>{{rp|307,318–319}}<ref name=Vincent/>{{rp|51}}