Editing Kalevala (section)

=== Translations ===
{{see also|List of Kalevala translations}}
[[File:John Martin Crawford - The Kalevala (Vol 1) - (IA kalevalaepicpoem01craw).pdf|thumb|upright=0.8|page=8|Volume 1 of Crawford's English translation (PDF)]]
Of the few complete translations into English, it is only the older translations by [[John Martin Crawford (scholar)|John Martin Crawford]] (1888) and [[William Forsell Kirby]] (1907) which attempt to strictly follow the original ([[Kalevala metre]]) of the poems.<ref name="Crawford Kalevala"/><ref name="Kirby Kalevala"/>

A notable partial translation of [[Franz Anton Schiefner]]'s German translation was made by Prof. [[John Addison Porter]] in 1868 and published by [[Henry Holt and Company|Leypoldt & Holt]].<ref name="New Englander and Yale Review Volume 0027 Issue 103 (April 1868)">{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cache/5/6/c/56c36e40576a484fab0c5570675afd97/nwng0027-2.383.s.image.content.html|title=The Kalevala or National epos of the Finns|access-date=26 September 2010}}</ref>

[[Edward Taylor Fletcher]], a British-born Canadian literature enthusiast, translated selections of the ''Kalevala'' in 1869. He read them before the [[Literary and Historical Society of Quebec]] on 17 March 1869.<ref>Fletcher, E. T. Esq. "The Kalevala, or National Epos of the Finns." ''Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec'' NS 6 (1869): 45–68.</ref><ref name="Early Publications of the Literary & Historical Society of Quebec">{{cite web|url=http://www.transactions.morrin.org/docsfromclient/books/198/198.html|title=The Kalevala or National epos of the Finns|access-date=1 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094104/http://www.transactions.morrin.org/docsfromclient/books/198/198.html|archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

[[Francis Peabody Magoun]] published a scholarly translation of the ''Kalevala'' in 1963 written entirely in prose. The appendices of this version contain notes on the history of the poem, comparisons between the original ''Old Kalevala'' and the current version, and a detailed glossary of terms and names used in the poem.<ref name="Finland's folk epic">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/hellahulla/kalevala.html|title=Finland's folk epic|access-date=17 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027154930/http://www.geocities.com/hellahulla/kalevala.html |archive-date=27 October 2009}}</ref> Magoun translated the ''Old Kalevala'', which was published six years later entitled ''The Old Kalevala and Certain Antecedents''.

[[Eino Friberg]]'s 1988 translation uses the original metre selectively but in general is more attuned to pleasing the ear than being an exact metrical translation; it also often reduces the length of songs for aesthetic reasons.<ref name="Friberg Kalevala">Eino Friberg. ''Kalevala – Epic of the Finnish people'', Introduction to the first edition, 1989.</ref> In the introduction to his 1989 translation,<ref name="OUP_Reviews_KB">{{cite book |title= The Kalevala – Reviews and Awards |url= https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-kalevala-9780199538867?cc=gb&lang=en& |date= 9 October 2008 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-953886-7 |access-date= 11 August 2019 |archive-date= 31 May 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220531111945/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-kalevala-9780199538867?cc=gb&lang=en& |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Keith Bosley]] stated: "The only way I could devise of reflecting the vitality of Kalevala metre was to invent my own, based on syllables rather than feet. While translating over 17,000 lines of Finnish folk poetry before I started on the epic, I found that a line settled usually into seven syllables of English, often less, occasionally more. I eventually arrived at seven, five and nine syllables respectively, using the ''impair'' (odd number) as a formal device and letting the stresses fall where they would."<ref name="KB_Kalevala1989">{{cite book |last= Lönnrot |first= Elias |author-link= Elias Lönnrot |translator-last= Bosley |translator-first= Keith |translator-link= Keith Bosley |title= The Kalevala |chapter= Introduction |year= 1989 |location= Oxford / New York |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-953886-7}}</ref>{{rp|l}}

Most recently, Finnish/Canadian author and translator Kaarina Brooks translated into English the complete runic versions of ''Old Kalevala'' 1835 (Wisteria Publications 2020) and ''Kalevala'' (Wisteria Publications 2021). These works, unlike some previous versions, faithfully follow the Kalevala meter (Trochaic tetrameter) throughout and can be sung or chanted as Elias Lönnrot had intended. Brooks says, "It is essential that the translation of Kalevala into any language follows the Kalevala metre, for that was how these runes were sung in times immemorial. So that readers get the full impact of these ancient runes, it is imperative that they be presented in the same chanting style." Kaarina Brooks is also the translator of, An Illustrated Kalevala Myths and Legends from Finland, published by Floris Books UK.<ref>[http://cff.ca/upcomingevents/celebration-of-finnish-independence-featured-lives-dec-4/ Celebration of Finnish Independence – Featured Lives – postponed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105033512/http://cff.ca/upcomingevents/celebration-of-finnish-independence-featured-lives-dec-4/ |date=5 November 2021 }} – Canadian Friend of Finland</ref><ref>[https://www.kalevalaistennaistenliitto.fi/2021/05/31/kalevalainen-nainen-maailmalla/ Kalevalainen nainen maailmalla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105033514/https://www.kalevalaistennaistenliitto.fi/2021/05/31/kalevalainen-nainen-maailmalla/ |date=5 November 2021 }} – Kalevalaisten Naisten Liitto (in Finnish)</ref>

Modern translations were published in the Karelian and [[Urdu]] languages between 2009 and 2015. Thus, the ''Kalevala'' was published in its originating Karelian language only after 168 years since its first translation into Swedish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kalevalaseura.fi/kalevalasta/kalevalan-kaannokset/ |title=Kalevalan käännökset &#124; Kalevalaseura |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124040652/http://kalevalaseura.fi/kalevalasta/kalevalan-kaannokset/ |archive-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>

As of 2010, the ''Kalevala'' had been translated into sixty-one languages and is Finland's most translated work of literature.<ref name="translations">{{cite web|url=http://www.folklorefellows.fi/netw/ffn16/translation.html |title=The Kalevala in translation |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111005554/http://www.folklorefellows.fi/netw/ffn16/translation.html |archive-date=11 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlandia.org.mx/Public/default.aspx?contentid=187130&nodeid=31939&culture=en|title=National epic "The Kalevala" reaches the respectable age of 175|access-date=17 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230149/http://www.finlandia.org.mx/Public/default.aspx?contentid=187130&nodeid=31939&culture=en|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>