Editing Jurassic Park (film) (section)

====Effects====
[[File:Dennis Muren.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dennis Muren]], seen in 2007, oversaw the computer-generated dinosaurs created by [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM)]]
The dinosaurs were created through various methods, including [[animatronics]] and [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI).<ref name=JP2>{{cite web |title=Behind the Scenes |url=http://www.lost-world.com/Lost_World02/Jurassic_Park.Site/Behind.html |website=Lost-World.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970401113345fw_/http://www.lost-world.com/Lost_World02/Jurassic_Park.Site/Behind.html |archive-date=April 1, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Visiting 'Jurassic Park' For Real |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/movies/film-visiting-jurassic-park-for-real.html |access-date=February 6, 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1993}}</ref> Spielberg sought to use full-scale dinosaurs on-set as much as possible, rather than relying on [[stop motion]], a [[post-production]] method commonly used in dinosaur films up to that point.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=16}} He knew, early on, that stop motion would still be needed for [[wide shot]]s of the dinosaurs.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=51}} To help create the dinosaurs, Spielberg consulted and worked closely with [[Dennis Muren]], an effects supervisor at [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM), which had already provided effects for several of his films.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=17}}<ref name=BiggestMovie>{{cite web |title=How Jurassic Park Became The Biggest Movie Of All Time |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/making-jurassic-park/ |website=Empire |date=August 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620212726/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/making-jurassic-park |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Spielberg hired [[Phil Tippett]] to create the dinosaur wide shots using [[go-motion]], a variation of stop-motion, with ILM set to refine his work through [[compositing]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=38, 48}}

Separately, Spielberg thought of hiring ride designer [[Bob Gurr]] to create the full-scale dinosaurs,<ref name=McBride>{{cite book |last=McBride |first=Joseph |title=Steven Spielberg: A Biography, Second Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-60473-837-7 |pages=418, 420 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jf9HBgttTeQC&pg=PA420 |access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref> having been impressed by his work on a giant mechanical [[King Kong]], made for the [[King Kong Encounter]] at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=18–19}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Nigel |title=A Companion to Steven Spielberg |date=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-72680-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfElDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref> Upon reflection, Spielberg felt that Gurr's life-sized robots would be too expensive and unconvincing.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=18–19}}<ref name="Earl doc"/> Spielberg then contacted effects artist [[Stan Winston]],{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=19}} having seen his work on the [[Queen Alien|queen alien]] in the 1986 film ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]''. Winston said the queen was easy compared to a dinosaur animatronic, because it was lightweight and did not have to look like a real animal. Nevertheless, he was intrigued by the offer to work on ''Jurassic Park''.<ref>{{cite web |last=MacManus |first=Christopher |title=Making the dinosaurs of 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.cnet.com/pictures/making-the-dinosaurs-of-jurassic-park-pictures/ |website=CNET |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=April 10, 2013}}</ref>

Winston had one of his company artists, Mark "Crash" McCreery, create numerous dinosaur sketches.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=20–21}} These impressed Universal, which eventually hired Winston's team to make the film's on-set dinosaurs.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=23}} Winston and ILM also worked together on the film ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'', released in 1991.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=48}} As with previous films, Winston's workers consisted of two groups: the art department, responsible in this case for the dinosaurs' outer appearance; and the mechanical department, which would handle the technical inner workings.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=24}} Winston's crew created fully detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding [[latex]] skins, which were fitted over complex robotics.<ref name="Earl doc"/> Sound stages were considered the most ideal filming environment for the animatronics, allowing sets to be built on elevated platforms with the mechanics of the dinosaurs concealed underneath.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=43}}

[[File:Museo Cinema Torino - Jurassic Park step motion diorama.jpg|thumb|A pre-production ''T. rex'' model, displayed at the [[National Museum of Cinema]] of [[Turin]], Italy]]
In addition to wide shots, Tippett was tasked with creating go-motion [[animatics]] early on to help develop two major sequences: one depicting the ''T. rex'' breakout, and the other involving the raptors in the kitchen. His team built the dinosaur puppets and based their design on maquettes made by Winston.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=47}}<ref name="Earl doc"/> Despite go motion's attempts at [[motion blur]]s, Spielberg found the end results unsatisfactory for a live-action feature film.<ref name="Earl doc" /> He wanted to include a stampede of dinosaur herds, but was unsure how to achieve this. After breaking new ground with the CGI effects in ''Terminator 2'', Muren thought ILM could handle the stampede rather than Tippett: "Creating herds of animals with puppets would be very difficult, so I thought maybe that was something we might be able to do with computer graphics."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=48}}<ref name=BiggestMovie/>

ILM animator [[Steve Williams (animator)|Steve Williams]] believed that more could be done with CGI than just the stampede: "All of us wanted a crack at the T-rex, but we thought we could never get it because Stan was already in there, and so was Phil. But the attraction was strong, so I secretly started building some T-rex bones in the computer." Williams scanned various photographs to create his virtual skeleton and then animated a [[walk cycle]] for it. Fellow animator [[Mark A.Z. Dippé|Mark Dippé]] also believed that CGI could be used for the film on a large scale, pushing Muren for months to consider the possibility. Muren, Kennedy and Molen were impressed when Williams unveiled his skeleton animation, and Muren was given approval to explore the use of CGI for the herd shots.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=49}}

The ''T. rex'' animation was examined further. Winston's fifth-scale prototype of the dinosaur was scanned by [[Cyberware (company)|Cyberware]], and the data was refined with various computer programs to fit over the skeleton, creating a digital ''T. rex''. Other programs were used to animate the creature, with the finished result impressing Spielberg so much that he scrapped the go-motion method, instead tasking ILM with creating digital dinosaurs for full-body shots.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=50–53}} Upon seeing the ''T. rex'' animation, Tippett had declared, "I think I'm extinct." Spielberg had this incorporated into the script: Grant, impressed by Jurassic Park's living dinosaurs, says to Sattler, "We're out of a job," to which Malcolm replies, "Don't you mean extinct?"<ref name="Earl doc" /><ref name=McBride/>

[[File:Dinosaur Input Device Velociraptor.jpg|thumb|left|The "Dinosaur Input Device" raptor used for the film]]
Tippett had assembled a 30-person crew to prepare for the go-motion segments; Spielberg did not wish to lose his expertise, and Muren sought to keep him involved with the project as an advisor to ILM's animators. Muren later noted that "this is the first generation of computer animators, and they are struggling with hardware and software limitations that make the process excruciatingly painful and slow." Although Tippett disliked computers, Muren eventually convinced him to remain involved on ''Jurassic Park''. Tippett and the ILM team spent approximately a month learning each other's respective fields.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=50–53}}

Tippett acted as a consultant for dinosaur anatomy,<ref name="Earl doc" /> and his animatics were used, along with storyboards, as a reference for what would be shot during the action sequences.<ref name=pre>{{cite news |title=Return to Jurassic Park: Making Prehistory |work=Jurassic Park |edition=Blu-ray |date=2011}}</ref> ILM's artists were sent on private tours to a local animal park, so they could study large animals – rhinos, elephants, alligators, and giraffes – up close. They also took [[mime]] classes to aid in understanding movements.<ref name=back/> Special effects work continued during post-production, as Tippett's unit adjusted to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bk_bdy.htm |title=Dinosaur Input Device |author=Knep, Brian |author2=Hayes, Craig |author3=Sayre, Rick |author4=Williams, Tom |year=1995 |work=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |pages=304–309 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121054959/http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bk_bdy.htm |archive-date=November 21, 2008}}</ref> models that fed information into computers, allowing them to animate the dinosaurs like stop-motion puppets. In addition, they acted out scenes with the raptors and ''Gallimimus''.<ref name="Earl doc"/>

The CGI dinosaurs by ILM, based on Winston's designs,<ref name=BiggestMovie/> took nearly a year to complete.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jurassic-park-how-cgi-was-used-2014-11 |title=How 4 Minutes Of CGI Dinosaurs In 'Jurassic Park' Took A Year To Make |website=Insider |date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> Compositing the animals onto the live action scenes took around an hour. Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four hours per frame, while the ''T. rex'' in the rain required six hours per frame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://silicon-valley.siggraph.org/MeetingNotes/ILM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011192636/http://silicon-valley.siggraph.org/MeetingNotes/ILM.html |archive-date=October 11, 2006 |title=Jurassic Park – The Illusion of Life |access-date=April 19, 2008 |author=Peterson, John |author2=Williams, Steve |author3=Letteri, Joe |year=1994 |work=Silicon Valley ACM Siggraph |page=1}}</ref> ''Jurassic Park'' has more than 50 CGI shots, with the end fight between the ''T. rex'' and raptors using all-CGI dinosaurs,<ref name="Earl doc"/> something that made Spielberg nervous until he saw the finished result.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=118–119}} The 127-minute film has 15 minutes of total screen time for the dinosaurs, including nine minutes of animatronics and six minutes of CGI.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news |last1=Effron |first1=Lauren |last2=Gowen |first2=Gwen |title='Jurassic Park' turns 25: Behind-the-scenes moments you may not have known about the iconic summer thriller |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/jurassic-park-turns-25-scenes-moments-iconic-summer/story?id=55332468 |access-date=February 7, 2025 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Britton |first= P. | title = The WOW Factor |journal=Popular Science |page=90 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3oRpYBVRP7wC&q=6.5+minutes&pg=PA88 |year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |title=Jurassic Park Special Effects Before and After |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-park-special-effects/ |website=/Film |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=June 16, 2014}}</ref>