Editing Joan of Arc (section)

===Aftermath and rehabilitation trial===
{{Main|Rehabilitation trial of Joan of Arc}}
[[File:Monument commémoratif de la réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Monument Commemorating the Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc'', a plaster work by {{ill|Émile Pinchon|fr}}; Joan stands in the foreground, facing figures from her rehabilitation trial (1909, [[Noyon Cathedral|Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Noyon]]).{{efn|In the foreground of this allegorical work, Guillaume Bouillé, who opened the inquest, is handing Joan, who died twenty years previously but is symbolically present, the text of her rehabilitation. The figures in the background are [[Jean Bréhal]] (standing), the inquisitor; [[Jean Juvénal des Ursins]], archbishop of Reims (enthroned in the center); and one of the other commissioners (enthroned), either [[Guillaume Chartier (bishop)]], bishop of Paris or [[Richard Olivier de Longueil]], bishop of Coutances.{{sfn|LGPC|2022}}}}|alt=A group of highly detailed and realistic painted plaster statues depicting four men wearing various ecclesiastical garments. They are arranged in a complex composition around a representation of Joan of Arc on a set of stairs.]]

The military situation was not changed by Joan's execution. Her triumphs had raised Armagnac morale, and the English were not able to regain momentum.{{sfnm
|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/page/57 57]|2a1=Curry|2a2=Hoskins|2a3=Richardson|2a4=Spencer|2y=2015|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtcompani0000curr/page/106 106]|3a1=Fuller|3y=1954|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full/page/496 496–497]
}} Charles remained king of France,{{sfnm
|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/page/57 57]|2a1=Fuller|2y=1954|2p=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full/page/490 490]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/166 166]}} despite a rival coronation held for the ten-year-old Henry VI of England at [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame cathedral]] in Paris in 1431.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/229 229]}} In 1435, the Burgundians signed the [[Treaty of Arras (1435)|Treaty of Arras]], abandoning their alliance with England.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/228 228]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/186 186]|Fuller|1954|3p=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full/page/494 494]}} Twenty-two years after Joan's death, the war ended with a French victory at the [[Battle of Castillon]] in 1453,{{sfnm|Allmand|1988|1p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/page/36 36]|Burne|1956|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/342 342]}} and the English were expelled from all of France except [[Calais]].{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/230 230]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/231 231]}}

Joan's execution created a political liability for Charles, implying that his consecration as the king of France had been achieved through the actions of a heretic.{{sfnm
|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/224 224]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/230 230]|Harrison|2014|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/313 313–314]|Vale|1974|4p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/62 62]}} On 15 February 1450, a few months after he regained Rouen, Charles ordered Guillaume Bouillé, a theologian and [[List of rectors of the University of Paris|former rector of the University of Paris]], to open an inquest.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1955|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/3 3–4]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/189 189]}} In a brief investigation, Bouillé interviewed seven witnesses of Joan's trial and concluded that the judgment of Joan as a heretic was arbitrary. She had been a prisoner of war treated as a political prisoner, and was put to death without basis.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/230 230]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/149 149–155]}}
Bouillé's report could not overturn the verdict but it opened the way for the later retrial.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/121 121]|Pernoud|1955|2p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/18 318]}}

In 1452, a second inquest into Joan's trial was opened by [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Guillaume d'Estouteville]], papal legate and relative of Charles, and [[Jean Bréhal]], the recently appointed Inquisitor of France,{{sfnm
|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/228 228–229]
|2a1=Lightbody|2y=1961|2p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122]
|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/151 151]}} who interviewed about 20 witnesses.{{sfnm
|Castor|2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/228 228–229]
|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/4 4]}} The inquest was guided by 27 articles describing how Joan's trial had been biased.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/152 152–155]}} Immediately after the inquest, d'Estouteville went to Orléans on 9 June and granted an [[indulgence]] to those who participated in the ceremonies in Joan's honor on 8 May commemorating the lifting of the siege.{{sfnm
|Pernoud|1955|1p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/34 34]
|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]}}

For the next two years d'Estouteville and Bréhal worked on the case.{{sfnm
|Lightbody|1961|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122–123]
|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n368 350–351]
|Murray|1902|3p=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-h/57389-h.htm#Page_372 372]
|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]
}} Bréhal forwarded a petition from Joan's mother, Isabelle, and Joan's two brothers Jean and Pierre, to [[Pope Nicholas V]] in 1454.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/264 264]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]}} Bréhal submitted a summary of his findings to theologians and lawyers in France and Italy,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 128]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n367 350]}} as well as a professor at the [[University of Vienna]],{{sfn|Pernoud|1955|p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/37 37]}} most of whom gave opinions favorable to Joan.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/235 235]|Lightbody|1961|2p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122]}} After Nicholas V died in early 1455, the new pope [[Callixtus III]] gave permission for a rehabilitation trial, and appointed three commissioners to oversee the process: [[Jean Juvénal des Ursins]], archbishop of Reims; [[Guillaume Chartier (bishop)|Guillaume Chartier]], bishop of Paris; and [[Richard Olivier de Longueil]], bishop of [[Coutances]]. They chose Bréhal as Inquisitor.{{sfnm
|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/124 124]
|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n369 351]
|Murray|1902|3p=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-h/57389-h.htm#Page_373 373]
}}

The rehabilitation trial began on 7 November 1455 at Notre Dame Cathedral when Joan's mother publicly delivered a formal request for her daughter's rehabilitation,{{sfnm
|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/235 235]
|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n369 351]
|Pernoud|1955|3p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/37 37]
|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]
}} and ended on 7 July 1456 at [[Rouen Cathedral]], having heard from about 115 witnesses.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/156 156]}} The court found that the original trial was unjust and deceitful; Joan's abjuration, execution and their consequences were nullified.{{sfnm
|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/236 236]
|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n373 355]
|Pernoud|1955|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/287 287–288]}} In his summary of the trial, Bréhal suggested that Cauchon and the assessors who supported him might be guilty of malice and heresy.{{sfn|Napier|2017|p=[{{Google Books|id=H2AuDwAAQBA|pg=PT62|plainurl=yes}} 67]|ps=; see {{harvnb|Bréhal|1456|loc=[https://archive.org/details/jean-brehal-grand-inquisiteur-de-france/page/104 pt I, ch. VIII (p. 104-105) ]|ps=: {{lang|la|Unde, quatinus ille episcopus et alii in hoc ei faventes se a malicia manifesta contra ecclesiam romanam, aut etiam ab heresi, se debite excusare possent, non video.}} [How that bishop [Cauchon] and others who favored him in this respect [that is, in continuing the trial] can excuse themselves from malice toward the Roman Church, or even from heresy, I cannot see.]}}}} To emphasize the court's decision, a copy of the Articles of Accusation was formally torn up. The court ordered that a cross should be erected on the site of Joan's execution.{{sfnm
|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/241 241]
|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/237 237]
|Pernoud|1962|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/268 268]}}