Editing Jesuits (section)

====Philippines====
The Jesuits were among the original five Catholic religious orders, alongside the [[Augustinians]], [[Franciscans]], [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] and [[Augustinian Recollects]], who evangelized the Philippines in support of Spanish colonization.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ooi |first1=Keat Gin |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA524 524] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA524 |access-date=23 April 2022 |language=en }}</ref> The Jesuits worked particularly hard in converting the [[Muslims]] of [[Mindanao]] and [[Luzon]] from [[Islam]] to Christianity, in which case, they were successful among the cities of [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]] and [[Manila]].<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jjs/9/2/article-p207_207.xml |title=Missionaries and Commanders: The Jesuits in Mindanao, 1718–68 |first=Eberhard |last=Crailsheim |date=18 January 2022 |journal=Journal of Jesuit Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=207–228 |via=brill.com |doi=10.1163/22141332-09020003 |hdl=10261/273146 |hdl-access=free |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105044713/https://brill.com/view/journals/jjs/9/2/article-p207_207.xml |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]] in particular was run like the Jesuit reductions in Paraguay and housed a large population of Peruvian and Latin American immigrants whereas [[Manila]] eventually became the capital of the Spanish colony.<ref>Image–Object–Performance: Mediality and Communication in Cultural Contact Zones of Colonial Latin America and the Philippines, ed. Astrid Windus and Eberhard Crailsheim (Munster: Waxmann Verlag, 2013)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moro Pirates' attacks worsen, 1634 |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=www.zamboanga.com |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508103044/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Brief 'Dominus ac Redemptor'.jpg|thumb|150px|The papal brief, [[Dominus ac Redemptor]], of [[Pope Clement XIV]] suppressing Jesuits and closing the [[Universidad de San Ignacio]] at Manila.]] In addition to missionary work, the Jesuits compiled artifacts and chronicled the precolonial history and culture of the Philippines. Jesuit chronicler [[Pedro Chirino]] chronicled the history of the [[Kedatuan of Madja-as]] in [[Panay]] and its war against Rajah Makatunao of [[Sarawak]] as well as the histories of other [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|Visayan kingdoms]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kahimyang.info/kauswagan/articles/1619/today-in-philippine-history-september-16-1635-father-pedro-chirino-died-in-manila |title=Today in Philippine history: 16 September 1635, Father Pedro Chirino died in Manila |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=The Kahimyang Project |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043158/http://kahimyang.info/kauswagan/articles/1619/today-in-philippine-history-september-16-1635-father-pedro-chirino-died-in-manila |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, another Jesuit, [[Francisco Combés]], chronicled the history of the Venice of the Visayas, the [[Kedatuan of Dapitan]], its temporary conquest by the [[Sultanate of Ternate]], its re-establishment in Mindanao and its alliance against the Sultanates of Ternate and Lanao as vassals under Christian Spain.

The Jesuits also established the first missions in [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-dominated [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], to convert it to Christianity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mission |first=Jesuit Bukidnon |title=Jesuit Bukidnon Mission |url=https://jesuitbukidnonmission.org/jesuit-mission-trails |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Jesuit Bukidnon Mission |language=en-PH |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221024434/https://jesuitbukidnonmission.org/jesuit-mission-trails |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jesuits also founded many towns, farms, haciendas, educational institutes, libraries, and an [[Manila Observatory|observatory]] in the Philippines.<ref>2007 Institutional Brochure, Ateneo de Manila University. Published by the Office of International Programs, Ateneo de Manila University.</ref> The Jesuits were instrumental in the sciences of medicine, botany, zoology, astronomy and seismology. They trained the Philippines' second saint, [[Pedro Calungsod]], who was martyred in [[Guam]] alongside the Jesuit priest [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pedrocalungsod.org/index.php/life/76 |title=A Catechetical Primer on the Life, Martyrdom and Glorification of Blessed Pedro Calungsod – Part 1 |author=Carlomagno Bacaltos |access-date=31 October 2014 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021011528/http://pedrocalungsod.org/index.php/life/76 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The eventual temporary suppression of the Jesuits due their role in anti-colonial and anti-slavery revolts among the Paraguay reductions,<ref name="Sarreal" /> alongside cooperation with the [[Augustinian Recollects|Recollects]], allowed their vacated parishes to be put under control by the local nationalistic diocesan clergy; the martyrdom of three of them, the diocesan priests known as [[Gomburza]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Escalante |first1=Rene |author1-link=Rene R. Escalante PHD |title=Watch: Gomburza an NHCP Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUlf9KtbqC8&feature=youtu.be |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[National Historical Commission of the Philippines]] |language=en |format=video |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227102344/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUlf9KtbqC8&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref> inspired [[José Rizal]] (also Jesuit-educated upon the restoration of the order), who became the Philippines' national hero. He successfully started the [[Philippine Revolution]] against Spain.

The Jesuits largely discredited the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], who claimed responsibility for the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[French Revolution of 1848|French Revolutions]], by reverting Jose Rizal from Freemasonry back to Catholicism.<ref>Garcia, Ricardo P. (1964). "''The Great Debate: The Rizal Retraction'' – Preface". R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., Quezon City.</ref> They argued that since the Philippine Revolution was inspired by the allegedly Masonic ideals behind the French and American revolutions, the French and American Freemasons themselves betrayed their own founding ideals when the American Freemasons annexed the Philippines and killed Filipinos in the [[Philippine-American War]] and the French Freemasons assented to the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYfSbFGFWlUC&pg=PA477 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History |author=[[Spencer C. Tucker]] |year=2009 |page=477 |publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=978-1851099528 }}</ref><ref>Bullock, Steven C. Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730–1840 (UNC Press Books, 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France: De 1815 à nos jours |volume=2 |publisher=Privately published |year=2000 |orig-date=1981 |isbn=2-7089-6839-4 |editor=Daniel Ligou |page=200 }}</ref> this is compounded by the fact that American Freemason lodges dismissed the Philippine Revolutionary Freemason lodges as "irregular" and illegitimate.<ref>[https://www.grandlodge.ph/about] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224145004/https://grandlodge.ph/about|date=24 February 2025}}"The Filipino Lodges felt that the American Lodges had not acted with true Masonic spirit in not inviting to the Convention Lodges working under the Grand Oriente Español. The reason such an invitation was not extended was because most members of Lodges holding Charters from California agreed that it would be considered irregular by many of the Grand Lodges of the United States, which would neither take the time nor show interest enough to investigate the reasons for such action. They would simply have refused to grant recognition to the new Grand Lodge for allowing irregular Lodges to participate in its deliberations."</ref> For the remainder of this period, Philippine Freemasonry was subservient to the Grand Lodge of California.<ref name="1901-18">{{Cite web |url=http://www.philippinemasonry.org/1901---1918.html |title=History of Masonry in the Philippines. Chronology, 1901-1918 - Philippine Center for Masonic Studies |access-date=28 September 2016 }}</ref>

In 1953, after being expelled from [[China]] by the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]], the Jesuits relocated their organization's nexus in Asia from China to the Philippines and brought along a sizeable [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adi.edu.ph/index.php/about/history |title=Ateneo de Iloilo Website |website=www.adi.edu.ph |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105044703/https://www.adi.edu.ph/index.php/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jesuits play a pivotal role in the nation-building of [[the Philippines]] with its various [[List of Jesuit educational institutions in the Philippines|Ateneos]] and educational institutes training the country's intellectual elites.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/10/12/2216141/ateneo-overtakes-top-philippine-university-global-ranking |title=Ateneo overtakes UP as top Philippine university in global ranking |date=12 October 2022 |website=The Philippine Star |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030120739/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/10/12/2216141/ateneo-overtakes-top-philippine-university-global-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/10/13/news/ateneo-overtakes-up-in-world-university-rankings/1861981 |title=Ateneo overtakes UP in World University Rankings |date=12 October 2022 |website=The Manila Times |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127202453/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/10/13/news/ateneo-overtakes-up-in-world-university-rankings/1861981 |url-status=live }}</ref>