Editing Japanese name (section)

==In English and other Western languages==
In English, the names of living or recently deceased Japanese are generally given surname last and without [[Macron (diacritic)|macrons]].<ref>See ''International Who's Who'', which is recommended for this purpose by the ''[[Chicago Manual of Style]].''</ref> Historical figures are given surname first and with macrons, if available.<ref>See ''Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary'', ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', and ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. See also ''[[Chicago Manual of Style]]'', "Personal names—additional resources" (§8.3): "For names of well-known deceased persons, Chicago generally prefers the spellings in ''Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary'' or the biographical section of ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.''"</ref>

[[File:MomoiExpoCrop.png|thumb|[[Haruko Momoi]] at the [[Anime Expo]] 2007 in [[Los Angeles]]; her name card features a spelling of her name ("Halko Momoi") written surname last. In Japanese, her name is {{nihongo||桃井はるこ|Momoi Haruko}}.]]
{{As of|2008}}, when using English and other Western languages, Japanese people usually give their names in an order reversed from the traditional Japanese naming order, with the family name after the given name, instead of the given name after the family name.<ref name=PowerpC4-2/> Beginning in [[Meiji period]] Japan, in many English-language publications, the naming order of modern-day Japanese people was reversed into the family name last order.<ref name="Mextname">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120825231633/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/12/kokugo/toushin/001217d.htm 三．国際化に伴うその他の日本語の問題]." [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]]. Retrieved on May 23, 2011. "日本人の姓名をローマ字で表記するときに，本来の形式を逆転して「名－姓」の順とする慣習は，明治の欧化主義の時代に定着したものであり，欧米の人名の形式に合わせたものである。現在でもこの慣習は広く行われており，国内の英字新聞や英語の教科書も，日本人名を「名－姓」順に表記しているものが多い。ただし，「姓－名」順を採用しているものも見られ，また，一般的には「名－姓」順とし，歴史上の人物や文学者などに限って「姓－名」順で表記している場合もある。"</ref> The adoption of a Western naming order by Japanese people when writing or speaking in European languages, and when attending Western style or international events such as balls, formed part of the wider Meiji period adoption of aspects of Western culture in efforts to present Japan as a country as developed and advanced as its global neighbours.<ref name="Saeki">Saeki, Shizuka. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20020627042648/http://www.lookjapan.com/LBsc/01JunFacts.htm First Name Terms]." ''[[Look Japan]]''. June 2001. Volume 47, No. 543. p. 35.</ref>

Japanese people often have nicknames that are shortened forms of their actual names, and sometimes use these names with foreigners for ease of understanding. For instance, a man named "Kazuyuki" may call himself "Kaz" in the presence of those for whom Japanese is not a first language.<ref name=PowerpC4-2/> Some Japanese people living abroad also adopt nicknames that they use with friends who are not Japanese.<ref name=PowerpC4-2/>

[[File:Orikasa Fumiko (3).jpg|thumb|left|The nameplate of [[Fumiko Orikasa]] is presented family name first in Japanese, while it is presented given name first in English.]]
Most foreign publications reverse the names of modern Japanese people, and most Japanese people reverse their own names for materials or publications intended for foreign consumption; for example, a Japanese business executive or official usually has two business cards ({{transliteration|ja|[[meishi]]}}), the first presenting their name in the Japanese order for Japanese people, and the second presenting their name in the Western order, intended for foreigners.<ref name="Terry632">Terry, Edith. ''[[How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Miracle]]''. [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-7656-0356-X}}, 9780765603562. [https://archive.org/details/howasiagotrichja0000terr/page/632 632].</ref> In popular journalism publications, the Western order of naming is used.<ref name="Saeki"/> These practices stand in stark contrast to how English and generally Western names are treated in the Japanese language, where they are typically presented without reordering.

In Russian, Russian names may be written with family name first and given name second, as well as the other way round, and this applies to Japanese names presented in Russian as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.gramota.ru/spravka/buro/search-answer?s=%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&start=15|title=Поиск ответа|website=new.gramota.ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abroad.ru/library/termin/1.php|title=КОНФЛИКТ КУЛЬТУР ПРИ ЗАПОЛНЕНИИ ПРОСТОЙ АНКЕТЫ|website=abroad.ru}}</ref>

In English, many historical figures are still referred to with the family name first.<ref name="Mextname"/> This is especially the case in scholarly works about Japan.<ref name="Saeki"/> Many scholarly works use the Japanese order with Japanese names in general, and a scholarly work is more likely to use Japanese order if the author specialises in subjects related to or about Japan. John Power wrote that "People who can speak and read Japanese have a strong resistance to switching Japanese names to the Western order."<ref name=PowerpC4-2/> Books written by these authors often have notes stating that Japanese names are in the original order.<ref name=PowerpC4-2/> Some books, however, do not have consistent naming order practices. Shizuka Saeki<!--Name in document itself is stated as "Saeki Shizuka"--> of ''[[Look Japan]]'' said, "This is not only a headache for writers and translators, it is also a source of confusion for readers."<ref name="Saeki"/> Lynne E. Riggs of the Society of Writers, Editors and Translators (SWET), a professional writing organization headquartered in [[Tokyo]], wrote that "When you publish a book about Japan, you are publishing it for people who want to know about Japan. So they are interested in learning something new or something as it is supposed to be."<ref name="Saeki"/>

Edith Terry wrote that because Japanese people are "mastering" a "Western game", people have some pride and at the same time feel insecurity because the "game" is on "Western terms" rather than "Japanese terms."<!--"game" here means gaining prestige in a world that was dominated by the West (in a period where the strongest countries were European or Western powers, but Japan had to do it by presenting its names surname last in Western languages--><ref name="Terry632"/> The standard presentation of Japanese names in English differs from the standard presentations of modern [[Chinese name]]s and [[Korean name]]s, which are usually not reversed to fit the Western order in English, except when the person is living or traveling abroad.<ref name="Terry632"/><ref name=PowerpC4-2/> Power wrote that the difference between the treatment of Japanese names and of Chinese and Korean names often results in confusion.<ref name=PowerpC4-2/> Terry wrote, "it was one of the ironies of the late twentieth century that Japan remained stranded in the formal devices underlining its historical quest for equality with the West, while China set its own terms, in language as in big-power politics."<ref>Terry, Edith. ''[[How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Miracle]]''. [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-7656-0356-X}}, 9780765603562. p. [https://archive.org/details/howasiagotrichja0000terr/page/632]</ref>

Saeki wrote in 2001 that most Japanese people writing in English use the Western naming order, but that some figures had begun to promote the use of Japanese order as Japan became a major economic power in the 20th century. The ''Japan Style Sheet'', a 1998 guide for producing English language works about Japan written by SWET, advocates the use of the Japanese naming order as often as possible, in order to promote a consistency in naming order. In 1987, one publisher of English language textbooks in Japan used the Japanese order of naming, while in 2001 six of the eight publishers of English language textbooks in Japan used the Japanese order. In December 2000, the council on the National Language of the [[Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture]] recommended that English language productions begin using the Japanese naming order, as "it is in general desirable that personal names be presented and written in a way that preserves their unique forms, except for registries and other documents with specific standards." It recommended using capitalization (YAMADA Taro) or commas (Yamada, Taro) to clarify which part of the personal name is the family name and which part is the given name. In a January 2000 opinion poll from the Agency for Cultural Affairs on the preferred order of Japanese names in the English language, 34.9% had a preference for Japanese order, 30.6% had a preference for Western order, and 29.6% had no preference. In 1986, the [[Japan Foundation]] decided that it would use the Japanese naming order in all of its publications. A Japan Foundation publishing division spokesperson stated around 2001 that some SWET publications, including popular anglophone newspapers, continue to use the Western order. As of 2001, the agency's style sheet recommends using a different naming order style depending upon the context. For instance, it advocates using the Western order in publications for readers who are not familiar with Japan, such as international conference papers.<ref name="Saeki"/>

The ''[[Chicago Manual of Style]]'' recommends indexing Japanese names according to the way the original text treats the name. If the text uses the Western order, the Japanese name is reinverted and indexed by the family name with a comma. If the text uses Japanese order, the name is listed by the family name with no inversion and no comma.<ref>"[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf Indexes: A Chapter from The Chicago Manual of Style]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005234/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf Archive]). [[Chicago Manual of Style]]. Retrieved on December 23, 2014. p. 27 (PDF document p. 29/56).</ref>
{{Tweet
| name = [[Taro Kono|KONO Taro]]<!--Tweet referred to in : https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/abe-shinzo-or-shinzo-abe-whats-in-a-name/ -->
| username = konotaromp
| text = If you can write
Moon Jae-in and 
Xi Jinping in correct order,
you can surely write 
Abe Shinzo the same way.
| date = 2 September 2020
| ID = 1301075931419697153
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200902083452/https://twitter.com/konotaromp/status/1301075931419697153
| archive-date = 2 September 2020
}}
On 21 May 2019, [[Japanese Foreign Minister]] [[Tarō Kōno]] expressed his hope that foreign media would refer to then-Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]] in the Japanese custom: family name first (as "Abe Shinzō"). He added that he was currently planning to issue an official request to the international media in that respect.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan wants you to say its leader's name correctly: Abe Shinzo |last=Griffiths |first=James |date=22 May 2019 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/21/asia/japan-name-abe-shinzo-intl/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref> He had criticized Western publications who had not done so, stating that "If you can write [[Moon Jae-in]] and [[Xi Jinping]] in correct order, you can surely write Abe Shinzo the same way."<ref name=Tiezzi>{{cite web |last1=Tiezzi |first1=Shannon |title=Abe Shinzo or Shinzo Abe: What's in a Name? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/abe-shinzo-or-shinzo-abe-whats-in-a-name/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=22 June 2022 |date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707020223/https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/abe-shinzo-or-shinzo-abe-whats-in-a-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time, there were private Japanese journalism concerns and journalism concerns of other East Asian countries which continued to reverse Japanese names into Western order in European languages. Shannon Tiezzi of ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' stated that the continued usage of Western order was "merely the inertia of style guides everywhere" instead of "a case of cultural arrogance on the part of Westerners".<ref name=Tiezzi/> Some others in the government support moving to retaining the original order of names, in line with Chinese and Korean practice, in time for the several major global events the country will be host to during 2020, while others seem not to.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Osaki |first1=Tomohiro |title=Moves are afoot to push media to switch Japanese name order in English, but will it work? |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/05/31/reference/moves-afoot-push-media-switch-japanese-name-order-english-will-work/#.XPNrHdNKhE8 |website=[[The Japan Times]] |access-date=June 7, 2019 |date=May 31, 2019}}</ref> In 2019 [[Yoshihide Suga]] continued to use Western order, citing "long-held practice".<ref name=Tiezzi/>

On September 6, 2019, officials from the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] (MEXT) announced that the ministry was to start using the traditional order for Japanese names in English in official documents.<ref name=yamaguchi>{{citation |last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |title=Japan to put surname first for Japanese names in English | newspaper=[[Associated Press]] |date=September 6, 2019 |url=https://www.apnews.com/c8cec6f9137e47158186dd509aaa72b4}}</ref> In 2020, ''[[The Economist]]'' announced plans to begin writing Japanese names in Japanese order based on a Japanese government decree that had been issued.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/01/02/why-japanese-names-have-flipped |title=Why Japanese names have flipped |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=2020-01-02 |access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' began using eastern order for persons in the Japanese government while, for non-government individuals, using the naming orders they choose.<ref name=Tiezzi/> [[NHK World-Japan]] began using Japanese names surname-first (with some exceptions) as early as March 29, 2020, but the new policy regarding name order was only announced early the next day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/information/2020033006002/ |title=Style for Japanese persons' names |work=[[NHK World-Japan]] |date=2020-03-30 |access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>"The Cabinet agreed yesterday to begin making the change with government documents, though no timeline was given for its start." {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Japan to put surnames first for documents in English |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-to-put-surnames-first-for-documents-in-english |work=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=September 7, 2019 |access-date=September 24, 2020}}</ref> In [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] and [[Asian Games|Asiad]] events, starting with the [[2020 Summer Olympic Games]] in Tokyo, Japanese athletes have had their names rendered surname first.<ref>{{cite web |title=Change for Japanese Names at Tokyo 2020 |url=https://www.infobae.com/aroundtherings/ioc/2021/07/12/change-for-japanese-names-at-tokyo-2020/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=infobae |date=12 July 2021 |language=}}</ref>