Editing James Cook (section)

==Legacy==

===Ethnographic collections===
{{Main|James Cook Collection: Australian Museum}}
[[File:H000104- Feather Cape.jpg|thumb|Hawaiian [[ʻAhu ʻula]] (feather cloak) held by the [[Australian Museum]]]]The world's largest collection of artefacts from Cook's voyages is the Cook-Forster Collection held at the [[Göttingen]] Institute of Cultural and Social Anthropology.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hauser-Schäublin |first1=Brigitta |last2=Krüger |first2=Gundolf |title=Cook-Forster Collection: Pacific cultural heritage |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/cook_forster/background/the_collection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612021052/https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/cook_forster/background/the_collection |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=National Museum of Australia}}</ref>

The [[Australian Museum]], Sydney holds over 250 objects associated with Cook's voyages. The objects are mostly from Polynesia although there are also artefacts from the Solomon Islands, North America and South America. Many of the artefacts were collected during first contact between Europeans and indigenous peoples of the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florek |first=Stan |date=29 October 2014 |title=Our Global Neighbours: Curious Cook Clubs |url=https://australian.museum/blog-archive/science/our-global-neighbours-curious-cook-clubs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404232411/https://australian.museum/blog-archive/science/our-global-neighbours-curious-cook-clubs/ |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Australian Museum}}</ref><ref name="Thomsett, History of Acquisition">{{cite web |last=Thomsett |first=Sue |title=Cook Collection, History of Acquisition |url=http://collections.australianmuseum.net.au/amweb/pages/am/NarrativeDisplay.php?irn=35&QueryPage=./NarrativeQuery.php |work=Electronic Museum Narrative |publisher=Australian Museum |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218090450/http://collections.australianmuseum.net.au/amweb/pages/am/NarrativeDisplay.php?irn=35&QueryPage=.%2FNarrativeQuery.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Navigation and science===
[[File:Cooks Karte von Neufundland.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| A 1775 chart of [[Newfoundland]], made from James Cook's [[Seven Years' War]] surveyings]]
Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area. Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5AqNKtDqX0C&pg=PA222 |title=A voyage to the Pacific Ocean |via=Google Books |last1=Cook |first1=James |last2=Clerke |first2=Charles |author-link2=Charles Clerke |last3=Gore |first3=John |author-link3=John Gore (Royal Navy captain) |last4=King |first4=James |author-link4=James King (Royal Navy officer) |publisher=W. and A. Strahan |location=London |volume=2 |access-date=8 July 2014 |date=1784 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031811/http://books.google.com/books?id=O5AqNKtDqX0C&pg=PA222 |url-status=live}}</ref> To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a [[backstaff]] or [[Quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]]. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the Earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the Sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.{{cn|date=August 2022}} Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer [[Charles Green (astronomer)|Charles Green]], and by using the newly published [[The Nautical Almanac|''Nautical Almanac'']] tables, via the [[Lunar distance (navigation)|lunar distance]] method – measuring the angular distance from the Moon to either the Sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]], and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the Sun, Moon, or stars.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

On his second voyage, Cook used the K1 chronometer made by [[Larcum Kendall]], which was the shape of a large pocket watch, {{convert|5|in|cm}} in diameter. It was a copy of the [[Harrison Number Four|H4]] clock made by [[John Harrison]], which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship ''Deptford''{{'}}s journey to [[Jamaica]] in 1761–62.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1318/ |title=Captain Cook – Cook's Chronometer |work=English and Media Literacy, Documentaries |via=dl.nfsa.gov.au |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=20 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220205340/http://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1318/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to [[scurvy]], an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures, most importantly the frequent replenishment of fresh food.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fernandez-Armesto|2006|p=297}}</ref> For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the [[Copley Medal]] in 1776.<ref>{{harvnb|Stamp|1978|p= 105}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/philtrans08393052 |title=The Method Taken for Preserving the Health of the Crew of His Majesty's Ship the Resolution during Her Late Voyage Round the World |volume=66 |pages=402–406 |first=Captain James |last=Cook |journal=Philosophical Transactions |year=1767 |access-date=10 April 2019 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1776.0023 |s2cid=186212653}}</ref> Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly postulated a link among all the Pacific peoples, despite their being separated by great ocean stretches {{Crossreference|(see [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]])}}. Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist [[Bryan Sykes]] later verified.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sykes| 2001}}</ref> In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of the [[colonisation]].<ref name="collingridge" /><ref name="horwitz">{{Harvnb|Horwitz|2003}}</ref>

[[File:Hodges, Resolution and Adventure in Matavai Bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|[[William Hodges|William Hodges']] painting of [[HMS Resolution (1771)|HMS ''Resolution'']] and [[HMS Adventure (1771)|HMS ''Adventure'']] in [[Matavai Bay]], [[Tahiti]]]]
Cook carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries. Two botanists, Joseph Banks and the Swede Daniel Solander, sailed on the first voyage. The two collected over 3,000 plant species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/about2.dsml |title=The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Museum |publisher=Natural History Museum |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705011718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/about2.dsml |url-status=live}}</ref> Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/banks_sir_joseph.shtml |title=Sir Joseph Banks |publisher=BBC |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125072305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/banks_sir_joseph.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/solander-daniel-2677 |chapter=Solander, Daniel (1733–1782) |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |first=L. A. |last=Gilbert |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919080043/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/solander-daniel-2677 |url-status=live}}</ref> leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788. Artists also sailed on Cook's first voyage. [[Sydney Parkinson]] was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists.<ref name="collingridge" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/people.dsml |title=The Endeavour Botanical Illustrations at the Natural History Museum |publisher=Natural History Museum |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705011619/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/endeavour-botanical/people.dsml |url-status=live}}</ref> Cook's second expedition included [[William Hodges]], who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, [[Easter Island]], and other locations. Several officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments. [[William Bligh]], Cook's [[sailing master]], was given command of {{HMS|Bounty||6}} in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with [[breadfruit]]. Bligh became known for the [[Mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny of his crew]], which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became [[Governor of New South Wales]], where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 [[Rum Rebellion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_william_bligh.htm |title=Biography: William Bligh |work=Royal Naval Museum at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard |year=2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209022850/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_william_bligh.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[George Vancouver]], one of Cook's [[Midshipman|midshipmen]], led a [[Vancouver Expedition|voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America]] from 1791 to 1794.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vancouver-george-2755 |chapter=Vancouver, George (1757–1798) |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |first=Nan |last=Phillips |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815203650/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vancouver-george-2755 |url-status=live}}</ref> In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named {{HMS|Discovery|1789|2}}. [[George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)|George Dixon]], who sailed under Cook on his third expedition, later commanded his own.<ref>{{cite DCB |first=Barry M. |last=Gough |title=Dixon, George |volume=4 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dixon_george_1776_91_4E.html |access-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> 

Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime. In 1779, while the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] were [[American Revolutionary War|fighting Britain for their independence]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to "not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind."<ref name="Franklin1837">{{cite book |last=Franklin |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Franklin |title=The works of Benjamin Franklin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124 |access-date=22 September 2011 |date=1837 |publisher=Tappan, Whittemore, and Mason |pages=123–124 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528054931/http://books.google.com/books?id=vVc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Memorials===

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Memorial tablet – Captain James Cook and his family, Church of St Andrew the Great, Cambridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Memorial to James Cook and family in the church of [[St Andrew the Great]], Cambridge]]
One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at [[The Vache]], erected in 1780 by Admiral [[Hugh Palliser]], a contemporary of Cook and one-time owner of the estate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ccsu4166.htm |title=CCS – Cook Monument at the Vache, Chalfont St Giles – Access Restored |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205214655/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ccsu4166.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on [[Easby Moor]] overlooking his boyhood village of [[Great Ayton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.great-ayton.org.uk/tourism/cook/cook_monument/ |title=Great Ayton – Captain Cook's Monument |access-date=20 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027202118/http://www.great-ayton.org.uk/tourism/cook/cook_monument/ |archive-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17137751 |title=Captain Cook |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |location=NSW |date=26 January 1935 |access-date=27 September 2013 |page=16 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109015431/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17137751 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also a monument to Cook in the church of [[St Andrew the Great]], [[St Andrew's Street, Cambridge]], where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried. Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep. The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]] by the opening of the [[Captain Cook Birthplace Museum]], located within [[Stewart Park Middlesbrough|Stewart Park]] (1978). A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |title=The Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, Marton, Middlesbrough |work=captcook-ne.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Tributes also abound in post-industrial [[Middlesbrough]], including a primary school,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/primary_schools/html/806_2370.stm |title=Captain Cook Primary School |publisher=BBC |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109015533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/primary_schools/html/806_2370.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> shopping square<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.captaincookshopping.com/ |title=Captain Cook Shopping Square |publisher=Captaincookshopping.com |access-date=8 March 2010 |archive-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328130339/http://www.captaincookshopping.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ''Bottle 'O Notes'', a public artwork by [[Claes Oldenburg]], that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993. Also named after Cook is [[James Cook University Hospital]], a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called [[James Cook railway station|James Cook]] opening in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glendalehouse.co.uk/pages/captainCook.html |title=Captain Cook and the Captain Cook Trail |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=6 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906040659/http://www.glendalehouse.co.uk/pages/captainCook.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Royal Research Ship [[RRS James Cook|RRS ''James Cook'']] was built in 2006 to replace the [[RRS Charles Darwin|RRS ''Charles Darwin'']] in the UK's Royal Research Fleet,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/facilities/marine/jamescook.asp |title=RRS James Cook |publisher=Nautical Environment Research Council |year=2011 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703104025/http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/facilities/marine/jamescook.asp |archive-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Stepney Historical Trust]] placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. A [[Statue of Captain James Cook, The Mall|statue]] erected in his honour can be viewed near [[Admiralty Arch]] on the south side of [[The Mall, London|The Mall]] in London. In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |title=BBC – Great Britons – Top 100 |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |work=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

====Australia====
[[Cooks' Cottage]], his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in [[Melbourne]], Australia, having been moved from England at the behest of the Australian philanthropist Sir [[Russell Grimwade]] in 1934.<ref name="CityMelb">{{cite web |title=Cooks' Cottage |url=https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/PlacesToGo/CooksCottage/Pages/CooksCottage.aspx |access-date=6 August 2017 |publisher=[[City of Melbourne]] |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131055807/https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/PlacesToGo/CooksCottage/Pages/CooksCottage.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 July 1933 |title=CAPTAIN COOK'S COTTAGE. :ANOTHER CENTENARY GIFT.:Mr. Russell Grimwade's Generosity. |page=21 |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |issue=((27,105)) |location=Melbourne |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4746055 |access-date=6 September 2017 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312061306/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4746055 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="horwitz" /> The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with [[James Cook University]] opening in [[Townsville]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcu.edu.au/about |title=About James Cook University |publisher=James Cook University |year=2011 |access-date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220112811/http://www.jcu.edu.au/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are [[Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park|statues]] of Cook in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] in Sydney, and at [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref name="Sum 2024">{{cite news |last1=Sum |first1=Eliza |last2=Carey |first2=Adam |date=25 January 2024 |title=Second statue targeted after vandals hack off Captain Cook sculpture on eve of Australia Day |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/captain-cook-statue-sawn-off-in-pre-australia-day-attack-20240125-p5ezw4.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125001101/https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/captain-cook-statue-sawn-off-in-pre-australia-day-attack-20240125-p5ezw4.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 

[[File:Annual_re-enactment.of_Cook's_visit._Cooktown_1999.jpg|thumb|Annual re-enactment of James Cook's visit in [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], Queensland]]
In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]], Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local [[Guugu Yimithirr people]]. They celebrate the first act of [[Reconciliation in Australia|reconciliation]] between [[Indigenous Australians]] and non-Indigenous people, when a Guugu Yimithirr elder stepped in after some of Cook's men had violated custom by taking [[green turtle]]s from the river and not sharing with the local people. He presented Cook with a broken-tipped spear as a peace offering, thus preventing possible bloodshed. Cook recorded the incident in his journal.<ref name="kim">{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Sharnie |last2=Stephen |first2=Adam |date=19 June 2020 |title=Cooktown's Indigenous people help commemorate 250 years since Captain Cook's landing with re-enactment |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-19/cooktown-indigenous-commemorate-captain-cook-250th-anniversary/12363526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706200313/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-19/cooktown-indigenous-commemorate-captain-cook-250th-anniversary/12363526 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |publisher=ABC News |location=Australia}}</ref>

====U.S.A.====
A U.S. coin, the 1928 [[Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar]], carries Cook's image. Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an [[Early United States commemorative coins|early United States commemorative coin]] both scarce and expensive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coinsite.com/content/commemoratives/Hawaii.asp |title=Hawaii Sesquicentennial Half Dollar |work=coinsite.com |year=2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814135925/http://www.coinsite.com/content/Commemoratives/Hawaii.asp |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Kealakekua Bay|site where he was killed in Hawaii]] was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk. This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess [[Likelike]] and her husband, [[Archibald Scott Cleghorn]], to the British Consul to Hawaii, James Hay Wodehouse, in 1877.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Chris |title=Captain Cook's little corner of Hawaii under threat from new golf |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/captain-cooks-little-corner-of-hawaii-under-threat-from-new-golf-course-623120.html |access-date=12 January 2018 |work=The Independent |date=11 November 2000 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506175006/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/captain-cooks-little-corner-of-hawaii-under-threat-from-new-golf-course-623120.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coulter |first=John Wesley |date=June 1964 |title=Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument |journal=The Geographical Journal |publisher=The Royal Geographical Society |location=London |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=256–261 |doi=10.2307/1794586 |jstor=1794586 |bibcode=1964GeogJ.130..256C}}</ref>{{Failed verification|reason=article says land was bought by British consul general, and its status is unclear, not that it was deeded to the UK |date=April 2020}} A nearby town is named [[Captain Cook, Hawaii]]; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name. The [[Apollo 15]] [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]] ''Endeavour'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Call Signs |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-17_Call_Signs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228032512/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-17_Call_Signs.htm |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=21 May 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> the {{ship|Space Shuttle|Endeavour||6}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Endeavour.html |work=John F. Kennedy Space Center website |title=Space Shuttle Endeavour |publisher=NASA |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521101826/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/endeavour.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> and the [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Crew Dragon ''Endeavour'']];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-053020a-spacex-crew-dragon-name-endeavour.html |title=Astronauts name SpaceX spaceship 'Endeavour' after retired shuttle |date=30 May 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603035942/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-053020a-spacex-crew-dragon-name-endeavour.html |url-status=live}}</ref> are named after Cook's ship. Another Space Shuttle, [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']], was named after Cook's {{HMS|Discovery|1774|6}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Discovery.html |work=John F. Kennedy Space Center website |title=Space Shuttle Discovery |publisher=NASA |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610033909/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Discovery.html |archive-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> There is also a [[Statue of James Cook (Anchorage, Alaska)|statue of Cook]] at Resolution Park in [[Anchorage, Alaska]].

====Canada====
A [[Statue of James Cook (Victoria, British Columbia)|statue of James Cook in Victoria, BC, Canada]] was constructed in 1976. The statue was destroyed by protestors in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dickson |first=Courtney |title=Protesters toss statue of explorer James Cook into Victoria harbour; totem pole later burned |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-captain-cook-statue-vandalized-1.6088828 |date=2 July 2021 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703024735/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-captain-cook-statue-vandalized-1.6088828 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Places named after Cook===
Cook's name has been given to the [[Cook Islands]], [[Cook Strait]], [[Cook Inlet]] and the [[Cook (crater)|Cook crater]] on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1292 |title=Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Cook on Moon |work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |publisher=[[USGS]]/NASA |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117182806/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1292 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aoraki / Mount Cook]], the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtcooknz.com/mackenzie/Mount_Cook/ |title=Aoraki Mount Cook National Park & Mt Cook Village, New Zealand |access-date=21 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001060533/http://www.mtcooknz.com/mackenzie/Mount_Cook/ |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> Another [[Mount Cook (Saint Elias Mountains)|Mount Cook]] is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian [[Yukon]] territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official [[List of Boundary Peaks of the Alaska – British Columbia/Yukon border|Boundary Peaks]] of the [[Hay–Herbert Treaty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geodata.us/canada_names_maps/maps.php?featureid=KABJR&f=311 |title=Map of Mount Cook, Yukon, Mountain – Canada Geographical Names Maps |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118224628/http://www.geodata.us/canada_names_maps/maps.php?featureid=KABJR&f=311 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Culture===
Cook has been a subject in many literary creations. [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]], a popular poet known for her sentimental romantic poetry,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jacolbe |first=Jessica |date=23 May 2019 |title=Life of Forgotten Poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon |url=https://daily.jstor.org/on-the-life-of-forgotten-poet-letitia-elizabeth-landon/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=Jstor Daily |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009122415/https://daily.jstor.org/on-the-life-of-forgotten-poet-letitia-elizabeth-landon/ |url-status=live}}</ref> published a poetical illustration to a portrait of Captain Cook in 1837.<ref>{{cite book |last=Landon |first=Letitia Elizabeth |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA68 |year=1837 |publisher=Fisher, Son & Co. |section=portrait |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010033952/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA68 |url-status=live}}{{cite book |last=Landon |first=Letitia Elizabeth |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA70 |year=1837 |publisher=Fisher, Son & Co. |section=poetical illustration |page=23 |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009104117/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA71 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1931, [[Kenneth Slessor]]'s poem "[[Five Visions of Captain Cook]]" was the "most dramatic break-through" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet [[Douglas Stewart (poet)|Douglas Stewart]].<ref>Herbert C. Jaffa, ''Kenneth Slessor: A Critical Study'', Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1977, p. 20.</ref>

Cook appears as a symbolic and generic figure in several [[Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology|Aboriginal myths]], often from regions where Cook did not encounter Aboriginal people. Maddock states that Cook is usually portrayed as the bringer of Western colonialism to Australia and is presented as a villain who brings immense social change.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maddock |first=K. |chapter=Myth, History and a Sense of Oneself |editor-last=Beckett |editor-first=J. R. |title=Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality |location=Canberra |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |year=1988 |pages=11–30 |isbn=0-85575-190-8}}</ref>

Cook has been depicted in numerous films, documentaries and dramas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/sites/default/files/05-2017/captain_cook_obsesson_and_discovery_tn.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131107/https://www.nfsa.gov.au/sites/default/files/05-2017/captain_cook_obsesson_and_discovery_tn.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=Teacher's Notes: Captain Cook – Obession and Discovery |publisher=National Film and Sound Archive of Australia |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/reviews/2009/12/10/the-futons-first-look-captain-cooks-extraordinary-atlas-abc-33808/20091210_captaincooksextraordinaryatlas/ |title=Rants & Reviews - The Futon's First Look: "Captain Cook's Extraordinary Atlas" (ABC) &#124; TheFutonCritic.com |website=www.thefutoncritic.com |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312061805/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/reviews/2009/12/10/the-futons-first-look-captain-cooks-extraordinary-atlas-abc-33808/20091210_captaincooksextraordinaryatlas/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/resources/movies/cooked |title=Cooked (Film) |first=Jens |last=Korff |date=17 July 2022 |website=Creative Spirits |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126131106/https://www.creativespirits.info/resources/movies/cooked |url-status=live}}</ref> The Australian slang phrase "Have a Captain Cook" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khoury |first=Matt |date=12 July 2017 |title=Australian slang: 33 phrases to help you talk like an Aussie |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/australian-slang-phrases/index.html |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=CNN |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209103345/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/australian-slang-phrases/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Controversy===
[[File:Hyde_Park Captain Cook.JPG|thumb|[[Statue of James Cook, Hyde Park|Statue of James Cook]], Hyde Park, Sydney. The rear inscription reads: "Discovered this territory, 1770".]]

The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration. Several countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage,<ref>{{Cite web |title=250th anniversary of Captain Cook's voyage to Australia |url=https://www.arts.gov.au/what-we-do/cultural-heritage/250th-anniversary-captain-cooks-voyage-australia |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=Australian Government, Office for the Arts |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172046/https://www.arts.gov.au/what-we-do/cultural-heritage/250th-anniversary-captain-cooks-voyage-australia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuia Enounters 250 |url=https://mch.govt.nz/tuia250 |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306135019/https://mch.govt.nz/tuia250 |url-status=live}}</ref> leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy and the violence associated with his contacts with Indigenous peoples.<ref name="Daley 2020">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Paul |date=29 April 2020 |title=Commemorating Captain James Cook's arrival, Australia should not omit his role in the suffering that followed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2020/apr/29/commemorating-james-cooks-arrival-australia-should-not-omit-his-role-in-the-suffering-that-followed |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308230636/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2020/apr/29/commemorating-james-cooks-arrival-australia-should-not-omit-his-role-in-the-suffering-that-followed |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Eleanor Ainge |date=8 October 2019 |title=New Zealand wrestles with 250th anniversary of James Cook's arrival |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/new-zealand-wrestles-with-250th-anniversary-of-james-cooks-arrival |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030255/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/08/new-zealand-wrestles-with-250th-anniversary-of-james-cooks-arrival |url-status=live}}</ref> In the lead-up to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised, and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Australia debates Captain Cook 'discovery' statue |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41020363 |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=BBC News |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41020363 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309004905/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages (see [[Gweagal shield]]).<ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2020 |title=Shots Fired |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/stuff-the-british-stole/shots-fired/12868096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307042709/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/stuff-the-british-stole/shots-fired/12868096 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=ABC Radio National}}</ref>

In July 2021, a statue of Cook in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada, was torn down in protests about the [[Canadian Indian residential school system|deaths of Indigenous residential school children]] in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2021 |title=Capt. James Cook statue recovered from Victoria Harbour; what's next is undecided |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/capt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703145332/https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/capt-james-cook-statue-recovered-from-victoria-harbour-what-s-next-is-undecided-1.24337872 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=Times Colonist}}</ref> In January 2024, a statue of Cook in [[St Kilda, Melbourne]] was cut down in a protest against colonialism;  the premier of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] pledged to work with the local council to repair the statue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/truecrimeaustralia/police-courts-victoria/captain-cook-statue-cut-down-on-eve-of-australia-day/news-story/aa6aa1f84cf25bc70dab5765d42a9031?amp&nk=89c859e6bc39eb7b8000c7309289cfd8-1706162324 |last=Ellis |first=Fergus |title=Captain Cook statue cut down on eve of Australia Day, vandals brazenly share footage |work=Herald Sun |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sum 2024" /><ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Melbourne statues of Queen Victoria and Captain Cook vandalised on Australia Day eve |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/melbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised/103386996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000119/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-25/melbourne-captain-cook-queen-victoria-statues-vandalised/103386996 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[ABC News Online]]}}</ref>

Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the [[Indigenous decolonization|decolonisation]] of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives.<ref>Proctor, Alice (2020) Chs 11, 21; pp. 255–62 and ''passim''</ref> While a number of commentators argue that Cook enabled British imperialism and colonialism in the Pacific,<ref name="Daley 2020" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Proctor |first=Alice |title=The Whole Picture: The colonial story of the art in our museums and why we need to talk about it |publisher=Cassell |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78840-155-5 |location=London |page=243}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gapps |first=Stephen |date=28 April 2020 |title=Make no mistake: Cook's voyages were part of a military mission to conquer and expand |url=https://theconversation.com/make-no-mistake-cooks-voyages-were-part-of-a-military-mission-to-conquer-and-expand-134404 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Thomas|2003|p=xxxiii}}</ref> [[Geoffrey Blainey]], among others, notes that Banks promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death.<ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|p=287}}</ref> [[Robert Tombs]] has defended Cook, arguing: "He epitomized the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in which he lived" and in conducting his first voyage "was carrying out an enlightened mission, with instructions from the Royal Society to show 'patience and forbearance' towards native peoples".<ref>{{cite news |last=Tombs |first=Robert |date=4 February 2021 |title=Captain Cook wasn't a 'genocidal' villain. He was a true Enlightenment man |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2021/02/04/captain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2021/02/04/captain-cook-wasnt-genocidal-villain-true-enlightenment-man/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2021 |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>