Editing Ivan Pavlov (section)

==Legacy==
[[File:Рязань. Павлов - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Monument to Ivan Pavlov in Ryazan ]]
The concept for which Pavlov is best known is the "[[Classical conditioning|conditioned reflex]]", or what he called the "conditional reflex", which he developed jointly with his assistant Ivan Tolochinov in 1901; [[Edwin B. Twitmyer]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]] published similar research in 1902, a year before Pavlov published his. The concept was developed after observing the rates of salivation in dogs. Pavlov noticed that his dogs began to salivate in the presence of the technician who normally fed them, rather than simply salivating in the presence of the food. If a buzzer or metronome was sounded before the food was given, the dog would later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of the sound stimulus alone.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Todes
  | first = Daniel Philip
  | title = Pavlov's Physiology Factory
  | publisher =Johns Hopkins University Press
  | year = 2002
  | location = Baltimore MD
  | pages = 232 ff
  | isbn = 978-0-8018-6690-6}}</ref>
Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in [[Helsinki]] in 1903.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pavlov |first= I. P. |title= Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep |year= 1927 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |location= London |page=142 |url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/}}</ref> Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th [[International Medical Congress]] in [[Madrid]], where he read a paper titled ''The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals''.<ref name=nobelbio/>

As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of [[John B. Watson]] and [[B. F. Skinner]]. The idea of "conditioning", as an automatic form of learning, became a key concept in the developing specialism of [[comparative psychology]], and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, [[behaviorism]]. Pavlov's work with classical conditioning was of huge influence on how humans perceived themselves, their behavior and learning processes; his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern [[behavior therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Plaud, J. J.|author2=Wolpe, J. |year=1997|title=Pavlov's contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious|journal=American Psychologist|volume= 52|issue=9|pages=966–972|pmid=9382243|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.966}}</ref>

The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after him following his death.<ref>[http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313175854/http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm |date=13 March 2015 }}. infran.ru</ref>

British philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]] observed that "[w]hether Pavlov's methods can be made to cover the whole of human behaviour is open to question, but at any rate they cover a very large field and within this field they have shown how to apply [[scientific method]]s with quantitative exactitude".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Bertrand |author-link=Bertrand Russell |title=The Scientific Outlook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLe1Bav9NBcC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-24996-1 |page=38}}</ref>

Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. Pavlovian conditioning is a major theme in [[Aldous Huxley]]'s [[dystopian]] novel, ''[[Brave New World]]'' (1932), and in [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]'' (1973).
[[File:RUSMARKA-3335.jpg|thumb|2024 commemorative Russian stamp featuring Ivan Pavlov ]]
It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signalled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, [[whistle]]s, [[metronome]]s, [[tuning fork]]s, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to the ring of a bell. In 1994, [[A. Charles Catania]] cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his experiments.<ref>[[A. Charles Catania|Catania, A. Charles]] (1994); ''Query: Did Pavlov's Research Ring a Bell?'', Psycoloquy Newsletter, Tuesday, 7 June 1994</ref> Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov's contemporaries [[Vladimir Bekhterev|Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev]] and John B. Watson. Roger K. Thomas, of the [[University of Georgia]], however, said they had found "three additional references to Pavlov's use of a bell that strongly challenge Littman's argument".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?article=5.80 |author=Thomas, Roger K. |year=1994|title=Pavlov's dogs "dripped Saliva at the Sound of a Bell"|journal=Psycoloquy|volume= 5|issue=80}}</ref> In reply, Littman suggested that Catania's recollection, that Pavlov did not use a bell in research, was "convincing ... and correct".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?5.49 |author=Littman, Richard A. |year=1994|title=Bekhterev and Watson Rang Pavlov's Bell|journal=Psycoloquy|volume= 5|issue=49}}</ref>

In 1964, the psychologist [[Hans Eysenck]] reviewed Pavlov's "Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes" for ''[[The BMJ]]'': Volume I – "Twenty-five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity of Animals", Volume II – "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5401.111-b|title=Pavlov's Writings|year=1964|last1=Eysenck|first1=H. J.|journal=BMJ|volume=2|issue=5401|page=111|pmc=1815950}}</ref>